stutthof concentration camp guards

Any woman, even without work experience, could become a concentration camp guard. The camp was set up around existing structures after the invasion of Poland in World War II and initially used for the imprisonment of Polish leaders and intelligentsia. Read about our approach to external linking. a 97-year-old former Nazi camp secretary was found guilty of complicity in the murder of more than 10,000 people at the Stutthof concentration camp located in occupied Poland. The next three trials took place at the same court in October 831, 1947, November 510, and in November 1929 of that year. How healthy are India's 1.4 billion people? Ten were sentenced to death. It is totally illegal, hanging has to be done in a certain way and this was certainly not. After the war a number of war crimes trials took place called the Stutthof Trials, and following these there were a number of executions. "I was told by the museum that the Nazis laid explosives around the buildings and set them on a timer to explode after they had evacuated, but the timer malfunctioned. Finally, in January 1942, Stutthof became a regular concentration camp. The former librarian, from Dresden, was a keen horsewoman who used stolen cash from prisoners to build an indoor riding arena at the Buchenwald camp, which housed 20,000 slave labourers. [15] It is believed that inmates sent for immediate execution were not registered. [3] The inmate population rose to 6,000 in the following two weeks, on 15 September 1939. I met her in the field and did not manage to get out of her way in time. Read more:Nazi guard testifies about Stutthof concentration camp, To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that supports HTML5 video. SS-Aufseherin Jenny Wanda Barkmann - death by hanging 3. The rest were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment. Manfred Goldberg was 13 when he was sent to Stutthof concentration camp near the coast of the Baltic Sea in August 1943. The 92-year-old Israeli citizentraveled to Germany to give evidence in the trial of Bruno D., a former SS private accused of 5,230 counts of being an accessory to murderat Stutthof from 1944 to 1945. In mid-1950s, a number of Nazi concentration camp commandants were sentenced to jail for supervising the murder of Jewish prisoners in gas chambers between 19421944, including Otto Knott[pl], Otto Haupt[pl] and Bernard Ldtke[pl]. The girl was later declared dead by camp doctors. The prisoners were mainly non-Jewish Poles. Thousands of SS guards were granted transfers from camps to field service, said Stefan Hrdler, yet Dey had remained at Stutthof until April 1945. Conditions in the camp were brutal and prisoners were used as forced laborers. Sign up here. About 5,000 prisoners from Stutthof subcamps were marched to the Baltic Sea coast, forced into the water, and machine gunned. TheUntoldPast has the right to delete any comment with this content inside it and also ban the user from the channel. [2] The accused were arraigned before the court and all found guilty. Some went on to be involved in administering lethal sterilisation experiments, others helped select victims of the gas chambers, set dogs on young girls and murdered inmates before incinerating their bodies. She also personally hanged young female prisoners and beat two women to death with a leather whip. More than 6,000 camp guards and personnel were trained there before being sent out to work at other camps. [10], In November 2018, Johann Rehbogen from Borken was tried in court for serving at Stutthof camp from June 1942 to September 1944. [4], Stutthof was the first German concentration camp set up outside German borders in World WarII, in operation from 2 September 1939. Set up immediately upon Germany's September 1, 1939 invasion of Poland and not liberated until after official German capitulation in 1945, Stutthoff handled over 100,000 prisoners during its long service. She died in 1989. Theres more about Stutthofs history at the Holocaust Research Project, and at the current memorial facilitys home page. Many prisoners died in typhus epidemics that swept the camp in the winter of 1942 and again in 1944. In 1944, as forced labor by concentration camp prisoners became increasingly important in armaments production, a Focke-Wulf aircraft factory was constructed at Stutthof. At her 1945 trial, survivor Dora Silverberg testified that Juana knocked her teeth out when she reported that her friend was very sick and couldnt walk to the working site because she was so weak. [38], In July 2021, a 96-year-old German secretary, Irmgard Furchner, who had been part of KZ Stutthof was arrested to be tried for war crimes. Speaking through an interpreter, Koryski said he had seen SS guards put on sadistic "shows" to torture prisoners, includingoneinstance in which a son was forced to beat his father to death in front of other inmates. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. ", How nine women escaped from a Nazi death march, Historic ocean treaty agreed after decade of talks, China looks at reforms to deepen Xi's control, Inside the enclave surrounded by pro-Russia forces, 'The nurses wanted me to feel guilty about my abortion, From Afghan TV fame to a US factory floor. Stutthof Concentration Camp. On this date in 1946, officials of Soviet-occupied Poland publicly hanged eleven convicted war criminals of the Stutthof concentration camp. More than 85,000 victims died in the camp out of as many as 110,000 inmates deported there. "We were beaten constantly, the whole time, even while working," Koryski told the Hamburg District Court. In 1962, the former concentration camp with its remaining structures, was turned into a memorial museum. swisslotto. Irmgard Furchner, a stenographer and typist for the SS commander of the Stutthof concentration camp in modern-day Poland, was accused of being a key member of a death camp that murdered. All were found guilty and eleven were sentenced to death, including the Commandant Johann Pauls. The former nurse took a four-week training course and was sent as an overseer to the Stutthof camp near Danzig.. Stutthof was a concentration camp in an isolated, marshy, and forested region near the village of Stutthof east of Danzig. 99 . Who is Buffalo Allina Clinic shooting suspect Gregory Ulrich and who are the victims? At the subsequent trial, liberated prisoners said Grese - dubbed the Beautiful Beast - tortured prisoners both physically and emotionally and enjoyed shooting prisoners in cold blood. That same summer, Irmgard Furchner had begun working in the camp commander's headquarters as a shorthand typist. Edited by G. ukomski, G. Kucharski. Not all of the Stutthof camp remains and the site is now a memorial. (06.11.2018), The man is accused of being complicit in the deaths of 5,230 inmates during a period of almost a year working as a guard at the Stutthof concentration camp. At the time of her hanging, Barkmann was 25 years old. Former SS guard stands trial on murder accessory charges, Germany: 92-year-old former SS guard to face trial, Former Nazi concentration camp guard on trial in Hamburg, UN states finally strike deal to protect high seas. The fifth trial was held before the court in Toru in 1949. The camp is east of modern-day Gdansk and a short walk from the sea. PD-Polish Public Domain. [1] 4,000 prisoners, including Jewish women and children, were killed in a gas chamber before the evacuation of the camp. Among these sites was the Stutthof camp. [39] On 28 September 2021, Frau Furchner left her home in Hamburg and failed to show for her hearing, she was captured on 30 September 2021 and the hearing was rescheduled for 19 October 2021. In another cruel punishment - known as making sport - she ordered prisoners to strip before making them perform strenuous exercise in full view of other prisoners, before being beaten. Others labored in local brickyards, in private industrial enterprises, in agriculture, or in the camp's own workshops. She earned a horrific legacy and nickname despite only working for a year. from. It was surrounded by electrified barbed-wire fences. Sadistic Koch - known as the Witch of Buchenwald - was just one of many women who murdered, maimed and tortured Jewish prisoners in the Holocaust. Conditions in the camp were brutal. She was known for whipping prisoners with her riding crop as she rode past and, according to some accounts, forcing them to have sex with her. Hitler shot his brains out in despair. Bothe was sentenced to 10 years in prison for war crimes. Former Stutthof prisoners volunteered to serve as executioners for the public hanging on July 4, 1946. [33][34] He was charged as a juvenile, as he was under 21 at the time of the offense. As a Jewish boy from Germany, the young Goldberg had already been deported to Latvia before being sent to Stutthof for slave labour. [1], The original camp (known as the old camp) was surrounded by the barbed-wire fence. Some 65,000 of them died as victims of the Nazis, by starvation, typhoid, lethal injection or gas. A judicial officer looks at his watch prior to a trial against a 96-year-old former secretary for the SS commander of the Stutthof concentration camp at the court room in Itzehoe, Germany on . Journey time by bus is about 80 minutes and costs 14.50z. Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics, Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically, Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust, Explore the ID Cards to learn more about personal experiences during the Holocaust. PoznaGniezno 2011, page 131 . Here we look at the horrendous role these guards - known as Aufseherins, or female overseers - played during the War. 1939). A former SS guard wept in the dock on the first day of his trial for complicity in mass murder at a Nazi concentration camp during the second world war . The third trial was held from 5 November to 10 November 1947, before a Polish Special Criminal Court. Although the guards at Stutthof were already expected to treat the prisoners ruthlessly, Jenny Barkmann stood out for her exceptional cruelty. The Soviet/Polish Special Criminal Court found all of them guilty of the charges. Former Stutthof SS guard Bruno Dey, now 93, is standing trial in Germany, charged as an accessory to the murder of 5,230 Jews from 1944 to 1945. . It is estimated that around 65,000 people were murdered during the Holocaust in the Stutthof concentration camp, near the Polish city now called Gdansk. Even before the war began, the German Selbstschutz in Pomerania created lists of people to be arrested,[3] and the Nazi authorities were secretly reviewing suitable places to set up concentration camps in their area. "Worst of all were the whips.". The first trial was held from 25 April to 31 May 1946, against 30 ex-officials and prisoner-guards of the camp. Several thousand prisoners were directed towards the nearby Baltic coast and hundreds were forced into the sea and shot. [3] Gassing with Zyklon B began in June 1944. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 Koryski was taken from Lithuania to Stutthofin 1944, when he was 16 years old. In 1949, SS-Hauptsturmfhrer Hans Jacobi, the commandant of Stutthof subcamps forming Baukommando Weichsel or OT Thorn (Organisation Todt Thorn) for women digging anti-tank ditches,[6] was tried before the criminal court in Toru and sentenced to three years in prison. Quiz: How well do you know US presidents? In 1945, she was captured by the American forces after attempting to flee to Bavaria. Gassing with Zyklon B gas began in June 1944. Who is Rod Ponton and why has he gone viral? BERLIN (AP) A 92-year-old former SS private will go on trial this fall in Germany on 5,230 counts of being an accessory to murder, accused of helping the Nazis' Stutthof concentration camp Over 65,000 prisoners perished, many of who were Polish Intelligentsia, former politicians, and resistance leaders, as well as 28,000 Jews. [17][3] Prisoners were also drowned in mud or clubbed to death. Basic Information", "Review of Profesor Rudolf Spanner 1895-1960. [23][22], Polish historians and employees at the IPN; Monika Tomkiewicz and Piotr Semkw, reached similar conclusions. Standing at 6ft 3in, Hertha Botte was an imposing figure, who also stood out from other SS guards because she wore civilian clothing instead of the hated uniform. UN negotiating final terms of High Seas Treaty, Tunisia labor union protests President Saied. Ackermann, who delivered the lamp, said that its base was made from a human foot and shinbone and the shade had tattoos and even nipples. 13 Amazing Photos of the Construction of the Empir. He added that his "work" had involved cleaning the crematorium, which meant loading bones and other burnt remains onto a cart to be thrown into a trench. Holocaust survivor Abraham Koryski gave evidence in court on Monday, detailing the horrors he and other inmates endured at the Stutthoff concentration camp in the final years of World War II. A two-year suspended sentence in line with that requested by prosecutors was handed down by the Itzehoe state court in northern Germany. The area was secluded: to the north was the Bay of Danzig, to the east the Vistula Bay, and to the west the Vistula River. She was recorded to have been 6ft 3 and known as the "Sadist of Stutthof" due to her merciless beatings of female prisoners. By the end of the war at least 110,000 were deported there, including Jewish detainees and Soviet prisoners of war. In 1943, the camp was enlarged and a new camp was constructed alongside the earlier one. They were publicly hanged before a large crowd, estimated at several thousand, at 5.00 p.m. on July 4th, 1946 at Biskupia Gorka hill near Danzig. As the Nazis consolidated their power in the 1930s, many younger people like Barkmann became enthralled by the Fuhrer and joined the Hitler Youth and other equivalents. She was 36. In total, as many as 110,000 people were deported to the camp in the course of its existence. [37] On 23 July 2020, he was given a two-year suspended sentence by the court in Hamburg. Found guilty by a British Military Tribunal, she was sentenced to death and hanged on December 13 1945, aged 52. Entry Filed under: 20th Century,Capital Punishment,Concentration Camps,Death Penalty,Execution,Germany,Hanged,History,Mass Executions,Mature Content,Occupation and Colonialism,Poland,Public Executions,Russia,USSR,War Crimes,Women, Tags: 1946, bischofschugel, biskupia gorka, danzig, elisabeth becker, ewa paradies, fascism, franciszek szopinski, gdansk, gerda steinhoff, holocaust, jan breit, jenny wanda barkmann, johann pauls, joseph reiter, july 4, kapos, nazi, naziism, stolzenberg, stutthof, sztutowo, tadeus kopczynski, waclaw kozlowski, wanda klaff, world war ii. Stutthof. Arrested with Josef Kramer - the Beast of Belsen - Grese was sentenced to death by the British Military Court and, in December 1945, she was hanged. The camp in Nazi-occupied Poland was opened on September 2, 1939, one day after the German . $156.33. The selection process for these guards was lax. Among 110,000 prisoners were Jews from all of Europe, members of the Polish underground, Polish civilians deported from Warsaw during the Warsaw Uprising, Lithuanian and Latvian intelligentsia, Latvian resistance fighters, psychiatric patients, Soviet prisoners of war,[3] and communists (as an example of communist deportations to Stutthof, see the Danish Horserd camp). 1570: Aonio Paleario, Italian religious reformer 1947: Ding Mocun, not as hot a lay in real life. In July, Bruno Dey, a 93-year-old former SS guard at Stutthof was convicted of aiding in the murder of 5,230 people, most of them Jews. Many prisoners worked in SS-owned businesses such as DAW (Deutsche Ausrstungswerke, literally the 'German Equipment Works'), the heavily guarded armaments factory located inside the camp next to prisoner barracks. She then ordered her dog, known as the big, bad, wolfhound to attack the sick girl, who was sitting on the ground, She later died from the bites. One camp which was established in Poland was Stutthof Concentration Camp, and throughout its time in operation around 65,000 people died at the camp. Detainees had to walk the long distance towards Germany as the Nazi Eastern Front crumbled. It was claimed that she beat women inmates to death and whipped others to within an inch of their lives using a plaited cellophane whip, a belt and a walking stick. Babysitter 'with black heart' filmed herself sexually abusing toddler before sending video to her paedophile lover, Piers Morgan slams 'disgusting' 500 parking charges for NHS staff as Grant Shapps admits 'something's gone wrong'. One such guard was Jenny Barkmann, who earned the moniker Beautiful Spectre.. [citation needed] Until 1942, nearly all of the prisoners were Polish. HAMBURG, Germany A German court on Thursday found a former Nazi SS camp guard guilty of 5,232 counts of accessory to murder and one case of accessory to attempted murder equal to the number. As I was lying on the ground she kept kicking. From Gdask bus station, board the number 870 bus marked either 'Sztutowo' or 'Krynica Morska' from Platform 2 (Note that the service varies on . Get back into the undergrowth you crawled from, Dave. . After being tracked down by Nazi hunter Simon Weisenthal, in 1973, she was retried and jailed for life by a Dusseldorf court. One survivor, Lila Givner, told her 1978 trial: Kobyla was tall. Originally, Stutthof was a civilian internment camp under the Danzig police chief. Those whom the SS guards judged too weak or sick to work were gassed in the camp's small gas chamber. [35][36], Another Nazi camp guard, Bruno Dey, from Hamburg was charged in October 2019 of contributing to the killings of 5,230 prisoners at Stutthof camp between 1944 and 1945. Twenty-seven ex-officials and guards were arraigned and judged; 26 were found guilty, and one was acquitted. [2][5], The fourth trial was also held before a Polish Special Criminal Court, from November 19, 1947, to November 29, 1947. In 2017, the prosecution of two former Stutthof camp guards from Borken and Wuppertal commenced. "You didn't know if the officers were acting on orders, or if they did it on their breaks," he said. Apprehended after the war, she was sentenced and publicly hanged in Gdansk. Over 65,000 prisoners perished, many of who were Polish Intelligentsia, former politicians, and resistance leaders, as well as 28,000 Jews. [14] In July 2020, he was convicted of 5,232 counts of accessory to murder by the Hamburg state court, and was also convicted of one count of accessory to attempted murder. An Israeli witness who survived the Nazi death camp at Stutthof has described how SS guards staged sadistic "shows" to torture prisoners. Other witnesses said she beat women to death with wooden sticks and shot at women who were too slow when carrying heavy containers of food. The 99-year-old, who has not been identified, is thought to have worked as a guard at the Ravensbrck concentration camp between 1943 and 1945, authorities said. Read about our approach to external linking. In total, 23,566 Jews (including 21,817 women) were transferred to Stutthof from Auschwitz, and 25,053 (including 16,123 women) from camps in the Baltic states. The death sentences were carried out on July 4, 1946 at the Biskupia Grka in Gdask, by short-drop hanging.[3]. English: Execution of Stutthof concentration campoverseers at Biskupia Grka(from left to right): Jenny-Wanda Barkmann, Ewa Paradies, Elisabeth Becker, Wanda Klaffand Gerda Steinhoff, further the guard SS-OberscharfhrerJohann Pauls(the chief of the work detail "Waldkolonne") and Polish kapos Date 4 July 1946 Source It comprised eight barracks for the inmates and a "Kommandantur" for the SS guards, totaling 120,000 square metres (1,300,000sqft). Go and do the same, you BNP piece of sh-t. You are fucking FILTH! Often low paid workers who took the roles to earn more cash, they were trained at the all-women Ravensbruck camp, in Northern Germany, where they became hardened to the cruel torture of inmates and learned to administer punishments with boots, truncheons, whips and riding crops. [41], In 1999, Artur mijewski filmed a group of nude people playing tag in one of the Stutthof gas chambers, sparking outrage.[42][43][44]. It was in 1943 that Stutthof's population of detainees was dramatically enlarged, from a capacity of 4,000 to 25,000. In late April 1945, the remaining prisoners were removed from Stutthof by sea, since Stutthof was completely encircled by Soviet forces. Several lesser known trials followed against the staff of various concentration camps. A report by the Seventh Army, written by Lieutenant Colonel Walter J. Fellenz, mentions a total of 17 guards killed. Stutthof female SS guards trial.jpg 1,209 799; 294 KB Wanda Klaff (cropped).jpg 232 345; 39 KB Categories: Executions of individuals consequent to Nazism Female guards in Nazi concentration camps Stutthof concentration camp Gallows in Poland Biskupia Grka Gdask in the 1940s 1946-07-04 Public execution Non-topical/index: [13], In October 2019, Bruno Dey from Hamburg was accused of contributing to the killings of 5,230 prisoners at Stutthof camp between 1944 and 1945. Found guilty of war crimes and sentenced to death. There were 3,000 guards at Stutthof concentration camp alone, and only 50 were convicted. per group (up to 3) Private Shore Excursion: Tour of Gdansk and visit Stutthof Concentration Camp. Camp's Commandant Johann Pauls - death by hanging 2. Why Are There Superstitions Around Black Cats? Execution of Stutthof concentration camp overseers at Biskupia Grka. [2] Pauly was tried by the British for war crimes with thirteen others in the Curio Haus in Hamburg which was located in the British occupied sector of Germany. We will rise again and we will destroy ALL of you scum who revel in this disgusting obscene filth. Inside of the barbed wire fences, horror and brutality was administered by the SS guards and workers inside of the camps. A total of 295 women guards worked as staff in the Stutthof complex of camps. On this date in 1946, officials of Soviet-occupied Poland publicly hanged eleven convicted war criminals of the Stutthof concentration camp. Support the channel by subscribing, liking, and sharing. [1] None of the Stutthof commandants were ever tried in Poland. Between 1933 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its allies established more than 44,000 camps and other incarceration sites (including ghettos). It was approximately 36 km east of the city of Gdansk, where the Visla river flows into the Baltic Sea. 2023 BBC. Check out our SECOND CHANNEL TheFortress for a new video EVERY DAY! Read more:Poland moves to make it illegal to say 'Polish death camps'. A group of thirteen ex-officials of the Stutthof concentration camp were arraigned before a Soviet/Polish Special Criminal Court at Gdansk, from April 25, 1946 to May 31, 1946. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW Required fields are marked *. The town of Sztutowo (Polish name for ' Stutthof') lies 55km east of Gdask and is easily accessed by both car and bus. There she became known as the "Sadist of Stutthof" due to her brutal beatings of prisoners. Barkmann, Paradies, Becker, Klaff, Steinhoff (left to right) executed Jenny-Wanda Barkmann (c.1922 - July 4, 1946) was a Nazi concentration camp guard. Putting names to archive photos, The children left behind in Cuba's mass exodus, In photos: India's disappearing single-screen cinemas. Not to be confused with, Location of the former Stutthof concentration camp in Poland, The execution of the SS overseers of the Stutthof concentration camp: Becker, Klaff, Steinhoff, and Pauls on 4 July 1946, with priest, Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks, Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators, Resistance, victims, documentation and technical, M. Tomkiewicz, P. Semkw: Profesor Rudolf Maria Spanner naukowiec czy eksperymentator? In 1943, the camp was enlarged and a new camp was constructed alongside the earlier one. Getting to Stutthof. There was no evidence to link him to specific killings, and though he admitted to serving at the camp, he said that he was unaware that people were being murdered there. The sixth and the last Stutthof trial in Poland took place in 1953 also in Gdask. National Socialism was RIGHT and we will return and we will remember things like this, so lowlife like you had better beware.. Even then, she continued kicking me, then walked away and left me there.. Now 92, he vividly remembers the five camps and sub-camps of Stutthof that he was sent to. Manfred Goldberg's younger brother Herman was murdered by the Nazis but Manfred was eventually reunited with his mother, who was also at Stutthof, and later his father too in the UK. [23] The corpses used for this were not made from "harvested" bodies, and the byproduct of Spanner's work at the Danzig institute was collected. Jenny-Wanda Barkmann was born in Hamburg in 1921. National Socialism was RIGHT and we will return and we will remember things like this, so lowlife like you had better beware. Dave, Cut off by advancing Soviet forces the Germans forced the surviving prisoners back to Stutthof. It is an obscenity and should be punished, if there are still any of these scum around today, they should be brought to justice. In 1944, as forced labor by concentration camp prisoners became increasingly important in armaments production, a Focke-Wulff airplane factory was constructed at Stutthof. SVIZZERA-LOTTO www. This blog has been around for a while. Mobile gas wagons were also used to complement the maximum capacity of the gas chamber (150 people per execution) when needed. Stutthof was the first concentration camp the Nazis ever built outside of Germany's borders. Eleven defendants including the former commander, Johann Pauls, were sentenced to death. Arraigned 20 ex-officials and guards were judged; nineteen were found guilty, and one was acquitted. Bruno Dey was convicted of complicity in mass murder there last year and given a suspended sentence, Naley odnotowa, e prowadzone w latach 20022006 przez Oddziaow Komisj cigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu w Gdasku ledztwo potwierdzio, e w Instytucie Anatomicznym produkowano w czasie wojny mydo z tuszczu ludzkiego, wprawdzie nie na skal przemysow, jednak do celw uytkowych, translated: One should note that the investigation carried out in the years 20022006 by the District Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation in Gdask (Oddziaowa Komisja cigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu w Gdasku) proved that during the war soap from human fat was manufactured at the Anatomical Institute. Braunstein was sentenced to three years in jail by a British court in 1958 and emigrated to the US, where she married a construction worker. Situated near Sztutowo, a small town about. The former secretary, who lives in a care home and is unnamed, had worked at the Stutthof camp near Danzig, in Nazi-occupied Poland. German Court Sentences Ex-Concentration Camp Secretary to Probation Irmgard Furchner, who was in her late teens when she worked in the Stutthof camp, was convicted as the authorities make a. Established on September 2, 1939, Stutthof was the first concentration camp outside German borders during World War II. Stutthof was the first camp outside German borders, in operation from 2 September 1939, and the last camp liberated by the Allies on 9 May 1945. Most of the original detainees were local Poles and Jews when Stutthof was. AP . German Earth and Stone Works (DEST) was an SS-owned company founded on 29 April 1938 for the exploitation of prisoner labor in the concentration camps for the .

Cdx Automotive Answer Key, Did Catherine Bell And James Denton Get Along, Glock 30sf Holster With Light, Fire Department Problem Employee Scenarios, Do Parking Tickets Go On Your Record In Michigan, Articles S