did stegosaurus have feathers

. [7] Gilmore and Lucas' interpretation became the generally accepted standard, and Lull's mount at the Peabody Museum was changed to reflect this in 1924. [25], The most recognizable features of Stegosaurus are its dermal plates, which consisted of between 17 and 22 separate plates and flat spines. Some theories suggest that the large plates on their back could change color as a mating display or to attract a female. Both groups evolved from a lineage of smaller armoured dinosaurs such as Scutellosaurus and Scelidosaurus of the Early Jurassic Period (206 million to 180 million years ago). In a zoological setting, these creatures would probably require care similar to rhinos or elephants. Asked by: Kaia Halvorson. [47], The vast majority of stegosaurian dinosaurs thus far recovered belong to the Stegosauridae, which lived in the later part of the Jurassic and early Cretaceous, and which were defined by Paul Sereno as all stegosaurians more closely related to Stegosaurus than to Huayangosaurus. Stegosaurus walked on its toes, which were supported by thick, wedge-shaped pads.. Throat guard. It is more likely, however, that much of the sacral cavity was used for storing glycogen, as is the case in many present-day animals. Although it was undoubtedly lacking in other respects, Stegosaurus did possess one relatively advanced anatomical feature: Extrapolating from the shape and arrangement of its teeth, experts believe this plant eater may have possessed primitive cheeks. apatosaurus c. tyrannosaurus b. plateosaurus d. stegosaurus. In a December study, scientists described two feathers from the mid-Cretaceous period (about 100 million years ago) found in the Kachin Province of Myanmar. And both of them bear battle . "In the groove and ready to move!" Zack shouted. Did they have feathers too? "Powered up . It had a small antorbital fenestra, the hole between the nose and eye common to most archosaurs, including modern birds, though lost in extant crocodylians. 23. Did the Stegosaurus have teeth? Did T. rex have fur or feathers? When it comes to the Steg, it may have been slow-moving, but it wasn't easy prey! Its position in the dinosaur family tree raises big questions about the origins of feathers. [101] Artist Charles R. Knight published his first illustration of Stegosaurus ungulatus based on Marsh's skeletal reconstruction in a November 1897 issue of The Century Magazine. [5][2] Later in 1887, Marsh described two more species of Stegosaurus from Como Bluff, Stegosaurus duplex, based on a partial vertebral column, partial pelvis, and partial left hindlimb (YPM 1858) from Reed's Quarry 11, though the species is now seen as synonymous with Stegosaurus ungulatus. . Preserved on slabs of ancient limestone in north-eastern Brazil, a newly discovered fossil of Tupandactylus imperator reveals the existence of pterosaur feathers about 113 million years ago. Early mammal discoveries were of _____. [31] Some large individuals may have reached 7.5m (25ft) in length and 5.05.3 metric tons (5.55.8 short tons) in body mass. [12] The type specimen of S. ungulatus (YPM 1853) was incorporated into the first ever mounted skeleton of a stegosaur at the Peabody Museum of Natural History in 1910 by Richard Swann Lull. Various hypotheses have attempted to explain the arrangement and use of the plates. The concept of genetic engineering, which is at the heart of Jurassic Park 's dinosaur creation, is a real scientific principle that has been used in a variety of fields. Based on the results of the study, it was revealed that the subadult Stegosaurus specimen had a bite similar in strength to that of modern herbivorous mammals, in particular, cattle and sheep. HAO, B., PENG, G., QIN, G., YE, Y., & JIANG, S. (2018). The name Stegosaurus roughly translates to roof lizard, which only makes sense if you know what they look like! Stegosaurus was up to 30 feet (9.1 meters) long. [99] Stegosaurus is commonly found at the same sites as Allosaurus, Apatosaurus, Camarasaurus, and Diplodocus. [9][7] Marshall P. Felch collected the skeleton throughout 1885 and 1886 from Morrison Formation strata at his quarry in Garden Park, a town near Caon City, Colorado. According to a recent study, they may have evolved in another group. Long, the American Museum mount was a composite consisting of partial remains filled in with replicas based on other specimens. During the Mesozoic Era (a period of more than 180 million years that included the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods), a species of non-avian dinosaur evolved into a species of avian dinosaur. Furthermore, within the hind limbs, the lower section (comprising the tibia and fibula) was short compared with the femur. the favored book National Geographic Kids Ultimate Dinopedia Second Edition collections that we have. Paleontologists think feathers may have first evolved to keep dinosaurs warm. [2][56] In 2015, Maidment et al. Archaeologists found the most specimens in the Morrison Formation, which we have decent information about the ecosystem of during that time. [26][30] The skeleton was excavated on private land, so it was interned by US federal authorities who then gave Sophie to the Natural History Museum, London where it was put on display in December of 2014 and later described in 2015. [23] Both the AMNH and CM material has been referred to Stegosaurus ungulatus. Again under Lucas, Knight revised his version of Stegosaurus again two years later, producing a model with a staggered double row of plates. Dinosaurs from Wuerho. Past the first few dorsals, the centrum of the bones become more elongate front-to-back, and the transverse processes become more elevated dorsal. Did not have to worry about predation based on their size as long as they were adults and healthy. Animal fossils discovered include bivalves, snails, ray-finned fishes, frogs, salamanders, turtles like Glyptops, sphenodonts, lizards, terrestrial and aquatic crocodylomorphs like Hoplosuchus, several species of pterosaurs such as Harpactognathus and Mesadactylus, numerous dinosaur species, and early mammals such as docodonts (like Docodon), multituberculates, symmetrodonts, and triconodonts. Up until a few years ago,. The dinosaurs with hips that . For example, though it states that scales came from the neck of a tyrannosaur, it does not state whether those scales were from the top, bottom, or sides of the neck. [29][26], Sophie the Stegosaurus is the best preserved Stegosaurus specimen, being 85% intact and containing 360 bones. Animals.NET aim to promote interest in nature and animals among children, as well as raise their awareness in conservation and environmental protection. It would be blatantly impossible to own one as a pet, even in theory. These creatures are most often encountered in herds, which are vicious enough as a group that only the most brazen predators dare attack them. So there's about just as much time between us and T. rex as there is between T. rex and Stegosaurus, so they never would have met each other. Kessler contacted the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, who sent paleontologist Robert Landberg. This could be for one of two reasons: either the animals simply did not have feathers, or these earlier dinosaurs have been fossilised in rocks that are not conducive for the preservation of soft tissues. This suggests it could not walk very fast, as the stride of the back legs at speed would have overtaken the front legs, giving a maximum speed of 15.317.9km/h (9.511.1mph). Simply put, 150 million years ago, some incredibly large creatures walked the earth. [58] More recently, a study of the tail spikes by McWhinney et al.,[84] which showed a high incidence of trauma-related damage, lends more weight to the position that the spikes were indeed used in combat. The remains of over 80 individual animals of this genus have been found. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. (In 1893, Richard Lydekker mistakenly re-published Marsh's drawing under the label Hypsirhophus. [82] However, Christiansen and Tschopp (2010) consider this unlikely, as stegosaur plates were covered in horn rather than skin. 10 besttroodon 5 yr. ago . Debate is raging about whether pterosaurs, flying reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs, had feathers or not. The bony plates along its back were embedded in the skin of the animal, not attached to its skeleton, which is why in most . 38. Though it is not always perfectly preserved, the acromion ridge is slightly larger than in Kentrosaurus. While this includes all species of birds, there is a hypothesis that many, if not all non-avian dinosaur species also possessed feathers in some shape or form. [14] A third mounted skeleton of Stegosaurus, referred to S. stenops, was put on display at the American Museum of Natural History in 1932. [103], Early skeletal mounts and plate interpretation. Second Edition. [39] Stegosaurian teeth were small, triangular, and flat; wear facets show that they did grind their food. The skull's low position suggests that Stegosaurus may have been a browser of low-growing vegetation. (2007). [13], In a 2010 review of Stegosaurus species, Peter Galton suggested that the arrangement of the plates on the back may have varied between species, and that the pattern of plates as viewed in profile may have been important for species recognition. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 2. . Stegosaurus defended itself by attacking its enemies with its spiked tail.Allosaurus bones have been found with holes made by Stegosaurus tail spikes.. The feet were short and broad. University of Chicago Press. The earliest popular image of Stegosaurus was an engraving produced by A. Tobin for the November 1884 issue of Scientific American, which included the dinosaur amid a speculative Morrison age landscape. Until 1918, the only mounted skeleton of Stegosaurus in the world was O. C. Marsh's type specimen of S. ungulatus at the Peabody Museum of Natural History, which was put on display in 1910. And just how closely related T. rex to a chicken Award-winning journalist John Pickrell reveals how dinosaurs developed flight and became the birds in our backyards. What might the plates of Stegosaurus have been used for. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [12] This historically significant specimen was re-mounted ahead of the opening of the new Peabody Museum building in 1925. [10][7] The skeleton was expertly unearthed by Felch, who first divided the skeleton into labeled blocks and prepared them separately. Which dinosaurs did not have feathers? The largest plates were found over the hips and could measure over 60cm (24in) wide and 60cm (24in) tall. (Compsognathus) Compsognathus was a myth started by a man named Carl Strauss. It has a pubis and ischium that both point towards the posterior of the animal. [75] Christiansen and Tschopp (2010), having studied a well-preserved specimen of Hesperosaurus with skin impressions, concluded that the plates were covered in a keratin sheath which would have strengthened the plate as a whole and provided it with sharp cutting edges. [5] The majority of the fossils came from Quarry 13, including the type specimen of Stegosaurus ungulatus (YPM 1853), which was collected by Lakes and William Harlow Reed the same year and named by Marsh. Indiana University Press. The spikes were probably used as defense mechanisms, while it is . [93], The stegosaurians were widely distributed geographically in the late Jurassic. "Appendix." 327-329. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs, part IX. The stegosaurs of the Sauriermuseum Aathal. The presacrals are divided into cervical (neck) and dorsal (back) vertebrae, with around 10 cervicals and 17 dorsals, the total number being one greater than in Hesperosaurus, two greater than Huayangosaurus, although Miragaia preserves 17 cervicals and an unknown number of dorsals. The fact is that evolution has a way of adapting specific anatomical features to multiple functions, so it may well be that the plates of Stegosaurus were literally all of the above: a sexually selected characteristic, a means to intimidate or defend against predators, and a temperature-regulation device. Bakker also observed that Stegosaurus could have maneuvered its rear easily, by keeping its large hind limbs stationary and pushing off with its very powerfully muscled but short forelimbs, allowing it to swivel deftly to deal with attack. Furthermore, it is puzzling why other stegosaurs and other dinosaurs lacked elaborate thermoregulatory structures. [45], Like the spikes and shields of ankylosaurs, the bony plates and spines of stegosaurians evolved from the low-keeled osteoderms characteristic of basal thyreophorans. The forelimbs were much shorter than the hind limbs, which gave the back a characteristically arched appearance. The endocast showed the brain was indeed very small, the smallest proportionally of all dinosaur endocasts then known. When did dinosaurs start getting feathers? [46] Galton (2019) interpreted plates of an armored dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian) Lower Kota Formation of India as fossils of a member of Ankylosauria; the author argued that this finding indicates a probable early Early Jurassic origin for both Ankylosauria and its sister group Stegosauria. In 1910, Richard Swann Lull wrote that the alternating pattern seen in S. stenops was probably due to shifting of the skeleton after death. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 36. Spinosaurus had a huge sail on its back. [6] Many later researchers have considered Hypsirhophus to be a synonym of Stegosaurus,[7] though Peter Galton (2010) suggested that it is distinct based on differences in the vertebrae. It is likely that their life consisted pretty much of slowly searching for food, and defending themselves from predators. [3] Though several more complete specimens have been attributed to Stegosaurus armatus, preparation of the bones and analysis has discovered that this type specimen is actually dubious, which is not an ideal situation for the type species of a well-known genus like Stegosaurus. Stegosaurus (/stsrs/;[1] lit. [41] Actual brain anatomy in Stegosaurus is poorly known, but the brain itself was small even for a dinosaur. [83], Debate has been going on about whether the tail spikes were used for display only, as posited by Gilmore in 1914[7] or used as a weapon. This mount was created under the direction of Charles Gilmore at the U.S. National Museum of Natural History. 1,350 2,000 kg. Stegosaurus was extinct for 66 million years before Tyrannosaurus walked on Earth. 3-4.500 lbs. The discovery of these branched integumentary structures outside theropods suggests that featherlike structures coexisted with scales and were potentially widespread among the entire dinosaur clade; feathers may thus have been present in the earliest dinosaurs. This interpretation is supported by the absence of front teeth and their likely replacement by a horny beak or rhamphotheca. So from being sluggish "terrible lizards" with scales, cold blood and pea-brains that went extinct, dinosaurs are now understood to . That's why its name in Greek means "roof lizard.". Did all dinosaurs have feather? [21] The American Museum of Natural History was the first to launch an expedition in 1897, finding several assorted, but incomplete, Stegosaurus specimens at Bone Cabin Quarry in Como Bluff. The stegosaurus is an immense yet stupid herbivore often found in the plains and jungles, where it feasts on grasses, plants, and leaves. [15] Another composite mount, using specimens referred to S. ungulatus collected from Dinosaur National Monument between 1920 and 1922, was put on display at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in 1940.[16]. However, their teeth and jaws are very different from those of other herbivorous ornithischian dinosaurs, suggesting a different feeding strategy that is not yet well understood. Tooth wear and possible jaw action of. The function of this array of plates and spikes has been the subject of much speculation among scientists. In his article about the new mount for the museum's journal, Barnum Brown described (and disputed) the popular misconception that the Stegosaurus had a "second brain" in its hips. Why were cheeks so important? [89] A 2013 study concluded, based on the rapid deposition of highly vascularised fibrolamellar bone, that Kentrosaurus had a quicker growth rate than Stegosaurus, contradicting the general rule that larger dinosaurs grew faster than smaller ones. In Hesperosaurus there are two dorsosacrals, and only four fused sacrals, but in Kentrosaurus there may be as many as seven vertebrae in the sacrum, with both dorsosacrals and caudosacrals. Stegosaurs lost the armour from the flanks of the body that these early relatives had. Which of the following features did Archaeopteryx not have? [45] Bakker stated that Stegosaurus could flip its osteoderms from one side to another to present a predator with an array of spikes and blades that would impede it from closing sufficiently to attack the Stegosaurus effectively. Introduction to the Study of Dinosaurs. Meet fierce, birdlike, armored, and giant dinosaurs from hundreds of millions of years ago! The Stegosaurus had an arched back and short forelimbs. A 9 meter long dinosaur called Yutyrannus (meaning feathered tyrant) is the largest known dinosaur fossil discovered to show having feathers. A feathered dinosaur is any species of dinosaur possessing feathers. The scapula (shoulder blade) is sub-rectangular, with a robust blade. Spinosaurus was a giant meat-eating dinosaur that grew to lengths of 18 m (60 ft.). Calculating the speed of Quadrupedal graviportal animals by Ruben Molina-Perez, Asier Larramendi. Science correspondent, BBC News All dinosaurs were covered with feathers or had the potential to grow feathers, a study suggests. The Stegosaurus is another famous dinosaur species that has captivated our imagination. While the idea of cloning . [40], Despite the animal's overall size, the braincase of Stegosaurus was small, being no larger than that of a dog. The skull and brain were very small for such a large animal. C. 3. [24] The expedition was successful in finding a nearly complete Stegosaurus near the Kessler site by Bryan Small, whose name would become the namesake of the new site. . Stegosaurus went extinct around 150 million years ago, and never lived while humans were on earth. As to the number of eggs, incubation time, and parental care, we simply dont know yet. 560 pp. One group of tracks is interpreted as showing four or five baby stegosaurs moving in the same direction, while another has a juvenile stegosaur track with an adult track overprinting it. The fossils included only a couple postcranial remains, though in the 1900s-1920s Carnegie crews at Dinosaur National Monument discovered dozens of Stegosaurus specimens in one of the greatest single sites for the taxon. This covering of spikes might have been based on a misinterpretation of the teeth, which Marsh had noted were oddly shaped, cylindrical, and found scattered, such that he thought they might turn out to be small dermal spines. Researchers found many North American specimens in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. They had. In 1914, Charles Gilmore argued against Lull's interpretation, noting that several specimens of S. stenops, including the now-completely prepared holotype, preserved the plates in alternating rows near the peak of the back, and that there was no evidence of the plates having shifted relative to the body during fossilization. This was uncovered using the spectroscopy of lipoxidation signals, which are byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation and correlate with metabolic rates. They advocated synonymizing S.stenops and S.ungulatus with S.armatus, and sinking Hesperosaurus and Wuerhosaurus into Stegosaurus, with their type species becoming Stegosaurus mjosi and Stegosaurus homheni, respectively. Stegosaurus usually grew to a length of about 6.5 metres (21 feet), but some reached 9 metres (30 feet). Browsing on a wide variety of plants would be essential. Lucas commissioned Charles R. Knight to produce a life restoration of S. ungulatus based on his new interpretation. The spinal cord in the region of the sacrum was enlarged and was actually larger than the brain, a fact that gave rise to the misconception that Stegosaurus possessed two brains. Now the presence of feathers has been documented in velociraptor, one of the most iconic of dinosaurs and a close relative of. [88] One 2009 study of Stegosaurus specimens of various sizes found that the plates and spikes had delayed histological growth in comparison to the skeleton and when the dinosaur reached maturity, growth in the osteoderms may have increased. This suggests that the different Stegosaurus species were relatively widespread. Unlike the sturdy jaws and grinding teeth common to its fellow ornithischians, Stegosaurus (and all stegosaurians) had small, peg-shaped teeth that have been observed with horizontal wear facets associated with tooth-food contact[92] and their unusual jaws were probably capable of only orthal (up-down) movements. Scientists have known for years that many dinosaurs had feathers. [87], Juveniles of Stegosaurus have been preserved, probably showing the growth of the genus. They do estimate that they fed on a number of different plant types, including ferns, moss, fruits, cycads, conifers, and horsetails. [81] The use of exaggerated structures in dinosaurs as species identification has been questioned, as no such function exists in modern species. The resultant bite forces calculated for Stegosaurus were 140.1 newtons (N), 183.7N, and 275N (for anterior, middle and posterior teeth, respectively), which means its bite force was less than half that of a Labrador retriever. If its filaments are related to the proto-feathers of the theropods (which is possible but not. The authors said the feathers belonged to a type of non-flying dinosaur. revised their suggestion due to the recognition by Galton of S. armatus as a nomen dubium and its replacement by S. stenops as type species. Stegosaurus, one of the many dinosaurs described in the Bone Wars, was first collected by Arthur Lakes and consisted of several caudal vertebrae, a dermal plate, and several additional postcranial elements that were collected north of Morrison, Colorado at Lakes YPM Quarry 5. [80] Christiansen and Tschopp (2010) state that the presence of a smooth, insulating keratin covering would have hampered thermoregulation, but such a function cannot be entirely ruled out as extant cattle and ducks use horns and beaks to dump excess heat despite the keratin covering. One subadult specimen, discovered in 1994 in Wyoming, is 4.6m (15.1ft) long and 2m (6.6ft) high, and is estimated to have weighed 1.5-2.2metric tons (1.6-2.4short tons)[34] while alive. Did stegosaurus have feathers? There are quill knobs in the forearm bones, while smaller species like microraptors got preserved feathers in their fossils. Learn how Stegosaurus survived below. Another suggestion is that the female would stand on all fours but squat down the fore limbs and raise the tail up and out of the male's way as he supports his fore limbs on her hips. [9][11] This first reconstruction, of S. ungulatus with missing parts filled in from S. stenops, was published by Marsh in 1891. It had a very distinct and unusual posture. A well-preserved Stegosaurus braincase allowed Othniel Charles Marsh to obtain, in the 1880s, a cast of the brain cavity or endocast of the animal, which gave an indication of the brain size. These are presumed to have served as defensive weapons, but they may have been ornamental. A feathered dinosaur is any species of dinosaur possessing feathers. [35], The long and narrow skull was small in proportion to the body. The dinosaurs with hips structured similarly to lizards include the great sauropods (e.g., apatosaurs, brachiosaurs, and diplodocoids), and the carnivorous theropods (e.g., tyrannosaurs, and dromaeosaurs). "All systems, online!" Billy shouted. This "brain" was proposed to have given a Stegosaurus a temporary boost when it was under threat from predators. [102], Stegosaurus made its major public debut as a paper mache model commissioned by the U.S. National Museum of Natural History for the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition. [2] F. F. Hubbell, a collector for Cope, also found a partial Stegosaurus skeleton while digging at Como Bluff in 1877 or 78 that are now part of the Stegosaurus mount (AMNH 5752) at the American Museum of Natural History. Spinosaurus - Grace Hansen 2017-09-01 This title will help readers discover Spinosaurus dinosaurs that lived in the Cretaceous period around 95 million years ago. Like all non-bird Dinosaurs, T. rex lived in the Mesozoic era. There were three different species of Stegosaurus, but all were relatively similar looking. [13] 1918 saw the completion of the second Stegosaurus mount, and the first depicting S. stenops. [72], As the plates would have been obstacles during copulation, it is possible the female stegosaur laid on her side as the male entered her from above and behind. The Stegosaurus flaunted an array of plates and spikes. [23] CM 11341, the most complete skeleton found at the quarry, was used for the basis of a composite Stegosaurus mount in 1940 along with several other specimens to finish the mount. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'animals_net-box-4','ezslot_5',115,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-animals_net-box-4-0');We know they lived in areas that were semiarid, with a wet season and a dry season. The first cervical vertebra is the axis bone, which is connected and often fused to the atlas bone. This has led to the influential idea that dinosaurs like Stegosaurus had a "second brain" in the tail, which may have been responsible for controlling reflexes in the rear portion of the body. Colorful and scientifically accurate illustrations paired with intriguing facts will be sure to captivate your kids in grades 4-8. Scientists arent exactly sure how they chewed and foraged for food, because their mouth is simply, weird. Although Stegosaurus is undoubtedly now considered to have been quadrupedal, some discussion has occurred over whether it could have reared up on its hind legs, using its tail to form a tripod with its hind limbs, to browse for higher foliage. On the sides of the jaws it had tiny, palm-shaped cheek teeth for chewing soft vegetation. There were flat floodplains, savannas dominated by ferns and the occasional tree, and forests. [43] All four limbs were supported by pads behind the toes. . Stegosaur track assemblage from Xinjiang, China, featuring the smallest known stegosaur record. Feathers are what distinguishes birds from other existing lifeforms; but they're also what connects them to the creatures of yore. [51] in 2017, Raven and Maidment published a new phylogenetic analysis, including almost every known stegosaurian genus:[52][53].mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.1em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}, Many of the species initially described have since been considered to be invalid or synonymous with earlier named species,[5] leaving two well-known and one poorly known species.

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