how did the branch davidians make money

Originally premiering on the Paramount Network the same year, the mini-series Waco sought to bring new life to the stories and people surrounding that moment in history. In all, four ATF agents were killed, 16 were wounded, and six Branch Davidians died in the initial raid on February 28. Roden is imprisoned, allowing Koresh and his disciples to take over the compound. All females in the commune belong to Koresh, including all married women (this was a 1989 revelation). The Branch Davidians are members of a millennial Christian tradition with a focus on the coming of Christ in the Last Days. Some cult members, including a Harvard-trained lawyer, are employed. All of their money went to Koresh. The Branch Davidians began as an. He took the name David from the Bible, and Koresh is a version of Sirius, the lamb from the Book of Revelation. The year 2018 marked the 25th anniversary of the Waco siege. The Branch Davidians wanted to use guns to raise money initially. "One of the things about being a Branch-Davidian . [20], Interpreting Revelation 5:2, Koresh identified himself with the Lamb mentioned therein. It was founded in 1935 near Waco, Texas, by Victor Houteff as a breakaway group from the Seventh-Day Adventists. 1932 Houteff publishes The Shepherds Rod Vol. "Koreshians" became the majority as a result of a schism which occurred among the Branch Davidians, but some of the Branch Davidians did not join Koresh's group, instead, they gathered around George Roden or they became independent. These cookies do not store any personal information. While this gathering took place, Benjamin Roden, a former Seventh-day Adventist who had accepted the teachings of The Shepherds Rod in 1946, announced that he was the sign the Davidians were seeking. The following doctrines came from Koresh: Obviously, the Branch Davidians have departed radically from the essential doctrines of the Christian faith. Another group exists under the leadership of Charles Pace, called The Branch, The Lord Our Righteousness. The Branch Davidians are an offshoot of the Davidians and they are also a product of a schism which was initiated by Benjamin Roden, after Houteffs death and in light of Florences (Houteffs wife) usurpation of power. Religious association known for the Waco siege of 1993, Seven Letters to Florence Houteff and the Executive Council of the Davidian Seventh Day Adventist Association. The Branch Davidians as a group started long before Koresh got involved. Carmel and was led by a man named Benjamin Roden, who claimed that his arrival at Mt. In that climate, the Davidians sold off all but 77 acres of their property for $181,000 in February 1961. By the end of the 1990s it had more than doubled in size, though no clear leadership had emerged. Este artculo es una exclusiva en lnea de Christian Research Journal. According to Florence, April 22 would mark the end of the 1,260 days mentioned in Revelation chapter 1111 as well as the beginning of the judgments listed in Ezekiel chapter 9.12 The day was also suppose to witness Gods clearing out of all the Jews and Arabs from Palestine,13 the ushering in of the Davidic kingdom,14 and possibly the second coming of Christ.15. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Branch-Davidian, World Religious and Spirituality Project - Branch Davidians (1981-2006), Texas State Historical Association - Handbook of Texas - Davidian and Branch Davidian, United States History - Waco Branch Davidians Siege. Carmel during the week of April 16 to April 22, 1959. When the violent confrontation was over, two federal agents lay dead, and 19 others lay injured; two with gun shot wounds so severe they would die within hours at nearby hospitals. He stated that in May 1992, a package which was addressed to the "Mag-Bag" accidentally broke open while it was being loaded on his delivery truck. 2 (published in 1932).3. June 12, 2020. how did the branch davidians make money-Related Posts. [32] The children were then interviewed by the FBI and the Texas Rangers. during the standoff with Branch Davidians, while maintaining its stance that it did not start the fire. nfl player performance bonus 2021; ballet chicago summer intensive; any advice and suggestions will be greatly appreciated 1987 A shoot-out takes place between Roden and Koresh. The true-crime series Waco, now available on Netflix, gives viewers an inside look at the 1993 siege of the Branch Davidian compound in Waco, Texas.. Soon afterwards, Florence issues a prophecy marking April 22, 1959 as the end.. ", General Association of Davidian Seventh-Day Adventists, The Shepherd's Rod: The 144,000 A Call for Reformation, The Branch Davidians of Waco: The History and Beliefs of an Apocalyptic Sect, Davidians and Branch Davidians (1929-1981), Davidians and Branch Davidians (19291981), "Branch Davidian | Religious Organization", "Crying in the wilderness: A religious commune sets up a dwelling place in the woods amid a struggle between rival prophets", "Warning of Violence Was Unheeded After Cult Leader's Gun Battle in '87", "Report to the Deputy Attorney General on the Events at Waco, Texas: Child Abuse | DOJ | Department of Justice", "Branch Davidian | religious organization", "14. According to a 1993 Chicago Tribune article, the sect members collected cars, recycled building materials, purchased food in bulk, and relied on food stamps and other forms of public aid in order to make ends meet. Roden took possession of New Mount Carmel in 1962 and began his efforts to purchase the remaining 77.86 acres. The Branch Davidians (or the General Association of Branch Davidian Seventh-day Adventists) were an apocalyptic new religious movement founded in 1955 by Benjamin Roden.They regard themselves as a continuation of the General Association of Davidian Seventh-Day Adventists, established by Victor Houteff in 1935.. Houteff, a Bulgarian immigrant and a Seventh-day Adventist, wrote a series of . : Cults and the Battle for Religious Freedom in America, Church of God International (United States), Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite), Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Branch_Davidians&oldid=1142097225, Christian organizations established in 1959, Christian denominations established in the 20th century, Paramilitary organizations based in the United States, Religious controversies in the United States, Religious belief systems founded in the United States, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles to be expanded from February 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 13:48. On April 19, 1993, The Davidian Branch Davidian Seventh-day Adventist Church underwent a judgment of God and lost its apostate leadership and it's headquarters to an attack by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF). 2. So why exactly were members so willing to give up everything to get so little in return? The building caught fire (the cause of the fire is still debated), and 76 Branch Davidianswhich included 28 childrendied in the flames. A few survivors of the raid were tried in court. How did the Branch Davidians recruit? Deed records show that the plot is part of a 941-acre compound the. Para ms informacin o para Join now to access this Journal subscriber only content. David Koresh. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. McLennan County tax records show that two acres of the compound are tax-exempt for religious purposes, but more than $3,275 in taxes on the remainder are overdue for 1991 and 1992. Another woman, 77, moved to the compound 20 years ago and has given most of her money to the sect, according to her attorney, Gary Coker. Four months after the fire, a federal grand jury indicted twelve of the surviving Branch Davidians for aiding and abetting the murder of federal officers, along with the unlawful possession of firearms. gave their money to the . [41] Both of these groups are still waiting for the end of times. Consequently, CRI will continue to closely monitor the activities of those who survived the tragedy that took place. Author of. The sound of massive firepower echoed in the compound for 45 minutes, ending only after law enforcement personnel had retreated to safety. . The raid resulted in a bitter gun battle that killed five ATF agents and five Branch Davidians, and injured an additional 16 agents. They lived a simple life and avoided most commercial forms of entertainment. This group never followed David Koresh. Following a series of violent shootouts between Roden's and Koresh's group, the New Mount Carmel compound was eventually taken over by the "Koreshians". She had aligned herself with Vernon Howell, a young, charismatic Bible teacher who had first arrived at Mount Carmel in 1981. The story is compelling. [28] Schroeder had been shot once in the eye, once in the heart, and five times in the back. was you're supposed to separate yourself from the world," Bunds said. Furnishings in the compound reportedly are comfortable but not plush. They would take semiautomatic weapons, buy extra parts, turn them into automatic weapons and sell them at a considerable. Marie Saavedra travels to Waco to talk with the man working to revive the group since the death of David Koresh Man unknowingly buys former. Investigators, unsophisticated in the apocalyptic language of the Bible adopted by the group, also worried that the Branch Davidians might attack their neighbours or even Waco while fulfilling an imagined endtime scenario. At that time, the sect was growing as people from around the country descended on Waco in preparation for April 22, 1959, the date foretold as "the establishment of the Kingdom of God on Earth in Waco" by Florence Houteff, the wife and successor of the group's founder. Roden traveled to Israel and established a small community of followers there prior to his death in 1978. Those allegations were aired in a 1992 trial in which an ex-member sought custody of his daughter. For Feb 24, 2023 | Christian Articles, en Espanol. 104-749 - INVESTIGATION INTO THE ACTIVITIES OF FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES TOWARD THE BRANCH DAVIDIANS 104th Congress (1995-1996) Committee Report Hide Overview . "The world is the sins, the flesh, the desires of the world, and you're . Beginning in 1979, Roden began publishing Shekinah, a short-lived journal on womens place in religion. [40] Pace believes that the Lord "has anointed me and appointed me to be the leader", but he says he is "not a prophet" but "a teacher of righteousness". Roden centered his teachings on the significance of the restored state of Israel, which would be a sign of preparation for Christs return to earth. Eight Branch Davidians were convicted on firearms charges, five convicted of voluntary manslaughter, and four were acquitted of all charges. When All Heaven Breaks Loose! Dick Reavis tells the story, "In 1991, he (Koresh) began studying armaments, and buying and selling guns. Although Howell's group claimed that it was trying to obtain evidence of Roden's illegal activities, its members did not take a camera with them. Koresh and more than 80 of his followers, after a 51-day standoff with federal authorities, perished in a massive . The Branch Davidians (or the General Association of Branch Davidian Seventh-day Adventists) were an apocalyptic new religious movement founded in 1955 by Benjamin Roden. With tension rising between them this would be the start of years of feuding. Four members were acquitted, and the remaining eight were convicted, but only for firearms-related offenses. Another splinter group, led by Charlie Pace, also left, and settled in Alabama. (Cyrus is the only non-Jew to whom the title messiah, or "anointed one," is given in Scripture.) They called on members to gather at New Mount Carmel before that date, which coincided with Passover. Branch Davidians fired as many as 200 rounds at the agents in response; the FBI maintained agents did not return fire. Displaying all articles. Six Branch Davidians also died from gunshot wounds sustained during the firefight. Four agents of the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) and two residents of Mt. The Branch Davidians, many with gas masks on, refused to evacuate, and by 11:40 a.m. the last of some 100 tear-gas canisters was fired into the compound. (Irwin. Former Davidian David Bunds said when he first met Koresh in the summer of 1981, he thought Koresh seemed "lost." "He was kind of a drifter," Bunds told ABC News. They are best known for the FBI siege and subsequent conflagration of the Authorities suspected the Branch Davidians possessed illegal firearms, and on February 28, 1993, the US Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms raided the compound, beginning the fifty-one day Branch Davidian Siege. CULT leader David Koresh, who believed he could speak to God, converted scores of people to follow him after convincing them he was a prophet. After briefly leaving, he had returned in the mid-1980s and gained support and a growing following among the Branch Davidians. One former member estimated that he gave Koresh between $30,000 to $40,000 over a period of years, and in exchange, he only received room, board, and necessary items. [6] Also in 1987, Koresh and some of his followers went to Mt. Because several of Koreshs spiritual wives were teenagers, the community was accused of child abuse by a former member and an anticult activist. Because Roden owed thousands of dollars in unpaid taxes on Mount Carmel, Howell and his followers were able to raise the funds and reclaim the property. Answer (1 of 3): I don't normally subscribe to conspiracy theories but I just can't call this one.I think the highway to Hell began with Koresh establishing himself as the new messiah with a group of demoralized people. Having been rebuffed by Adventist leaders, Houteff and his original followers settled near Waco in 1935 and began to prepare for what they believed was the imminent return of Jesus, complaining that the Adventists had abandoned this task in favour of worldly pursuits. How Did The Branch Davidians Make Money. One of the factions opposed to Florence Houteffs leadership was led by Ben Roden, who had previously called the Davidians to Get off the dead Rod [led by Florence Houteff] and move to the living Branch. Roden gained control of Mount Carmel and established the General Association of Davidian Seventh-day Adventists. Florence Houteff and the other leaders predicted the imminent establishment of Gods Kingdom on April 22, 1959. About 300 assault rifles and pistols were found in the charred remains of the Branch Davidian compound hours after the structure burned to the ground in 1993, a Texas Ranger testified Thursday. the use of fear and intimidation against members who disagree with Koresh. The failure of the prophecy discredited Florence Houteff, and a small following looked to Roden as their new prophet. Beginning in March 1959, hundreds of believers gathered at the Texas centre. The Branch Davidian brand of apocalyptic eschatology did, for the many who were unfamiliar with Armageddon scenarios, make them sound fanatical. They started as just the Davidians back in the 1930s, according to Vox. nase ahora para acceder a este contenido exclusivo para suscriptores de Journal, To the Cancel Culture: We Respectfully Decline When Believers are Told What We May or May Not Say, Polite Refusal is Called For, Christ or Lucretius: Nature and Natures God in the poems of Mary Oliver. Roden had apparently challenged Koresh to resurrect the body, stating that whoever could resurrect it would be the prophet of the group.26, The bizarre trial that resulted from this incident ended with Koresh and his cohorts walking from the courtroom as free men. "Mr. Ricks [FBI negotiator] said today that Ms. Schroeder had told him that members of the sect, a renegade offshoot of Seventh-day Adventists, henceforth wanted to be known as Koreshians." [3], In 1981, a young man named Vernon Howell, later known as David Koresh, came to New Mount Carmel and studied biblical prophecy under Lois Roden. Did David Koresh's musical retaliation during the siege actually happen? Home Blogging How Did The Branch Davidians Make Money. Howell, who acquired the position of spiritual leader from Roden, asserted it by changing his name to David Koresh, suggesting that he had ties to the biblical King David and Cyrus the Great (Koresh is the Hebrew version of the name Cyrus). In July 2000 Danforth issued a preliminary report that absolved the U.S. government of any wrongdoing in its encounter with the Branch Davidians. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. E-learning eBook to Grow your Business: $9,95. Traditionally, the Lamb is identified with Jesus, but Koresh distinguished between them, suggesting that the Lambs role was to loose the seven seals and to interpret the scroll mentioned in Revelation 5:2, thereby bringing forth the endtime revelation of Christ. Waco: Where Did All of David Koresh's Money Come From? The Seventh-day Adventist Church issued warnings about the Branch Davidian sect's views to its members on a regular basis. In 1990, he changed his name to David Koresh, signifying his messianic role in carrying out a divinely commissioned task of defeating the enemies of God. The beginning of the end for Houteffs group occurred when Florence made an official call for the faithful to gather at Mt. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Rick Ross, a cult deprogrammer from Phoenix, said Koresh effectively "raided" the life savings of the members in order to keep the cult in operation. Hours later, none of the Davidians had emerged from the compound, but agents . Throughout Lois Rodens leadership, her son George Roden claimed to be the next heir apparent of the Branch Davidians. Those who accepted Roden's teachings became known as Branch Davidians Seventh Day Adventists. The agency reports and hearings sought to place blame for the deaths, and several agents were disciplined for improper actions. Carmel Center near Waco. Convinced that an apocalypse would occur in 1959, a date which is not found in her husband's original writings, Florence and her council gathered hundreds of their faithful followers at the Mount Carmel Center, the group's compound which was located near Waco, for the fulfillment of the prophecy which is written in Ezekiel 9.[11]. physical beatings until child is bruised and bleeding, and isolation). He saw that it contained three other boxes, the contents of which were "pineapple" type hand grenades which he believed to be inert. 1978 Ben Roden dies and Lois Roden assumes control of the Davidians. ATF agents were looking . Deed records show that the plot is part of a 941-acre compound the group purchased in 1957 for $85,000 cash, after selling a smaller compound on Lake Waco. Houteff, a Bulgarian immigrant and a Seventh-day Adventist, wrote a series of tracts entitled the "Shepherd's Rod", which called for the reform of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Upon the death of Roden in 1978, his wife Lois became the next Davidian prophet at the compound. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Compliance-gaining strategies used by the Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) agents during the 1993 siege at the Branch Davidian compound were also examined. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. After the failure of Florence's prophecy of apocalyptic events on or near April 22, 1959, she dissolved the Davidian Association in 1962 and sold all but 77.86 acres of the New Mount Carmel property. However, he never did get along with Lois's son George Roden. Ancient Aliens and the Bible: What the Popular Television Series Says about Extraterrestrials in Scripture, Famous for Jesus: A Review of Celebrities for Jesus: How Personas, Platforms, and Profits Are Hurting the Church by Katelyn Beaty (Brazos Press, 2022), Famosos por Jess: Resea de Celebridades por Jess: Cmo los personajes, las plataformas y los beneficios estn perjudicando a la Iglesia por Katelyn Beaty (Brazos Press, 2022). [1] He signed these letters "The Branch" believing that to be the new name Jesus had taken (according to biblical prophecies such as Revelation 3:12 and Zechariah 6:12-13) to reflect a new stage of his work in the heavenly sanctuary. Waco: Where Did All of David Koresh's Money Come From? The Branch Davidians who fell under Koresh's sway included people from the U.S., Canada, Australia and the U.K. Group member Doyle, an Australian, says Koresh's followers were drawn to him because . [39] Cules son las creencias bsicas del budismo? But perhaps the most pressing question of them all: how did Koresh feed, clothe, and arm his many devotees without any obvious source of income? The Seventh-day Adventists were reportedly "apprehensive" about the group's views because Branch Davidians claimed that they were the "only rightful continuation of the Adventist message", based on their belief that Victor Houteff was the divinely selected prophet and the successor of Ellen G. White. Carmel were killed by members of the sect during the initial raid, while four sect members were killed by ATF agents on February 28, 1993. According to Koresh, God is not a triune being (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit), but is a foursome (Father, Mother, Son, and Daughter). We had to give everything.". [34] The siege had lasted 51 days. They would take semiautomatic weapons, buy extra parts, turn them into automatic weapons and sell them at a considerable profit. An offshoot of an offshoot of an offshoot. The name of this group is an allusion to the anointed 'Branch' (mentioned in Zechariah 3:8; 6:12). The Branch Davidians wanted to use guns to raise money initially. Koresh and seven of his followers were subsequently arrested and charged with attempted murder because Roden claimed that Koresh and the others were trying to kill him. The Seventh-day Adventist Church, the main church in the Adventist tradition, rejected Victor Houteff's teachings and revoked his membership in 1930. One case, Andrade v. Chojnacki, made it to the Fifth Circuit, which upheld a previous ruling of "take-nothing, denied". [12][13] When Benjamin Roden died in 1978, he was succeeded by his wife Lois Roden. In a briefing Saturday, a federal agent said investigators found that the people who joined Koresh gave up their personal goods and homes. Rick Ross, a cult deprogrammer in Phoenix who has worked with former members of the Branch Davidians, told the Associated Press that "good salaries earned on the outside were plowed back into the sect." Christians must keep the feast days of Old Testament Israel, including Passover, Pentecost, the Day of Atonement (although no sacrifices are made), and the Feast of Tabernacles. Both groups have disputed the relevance of the other's spiritual authority based on the proceedings which followed Victor Houteff's death. That Koresh thought that the endtime was imminent is suggested in his commentary on Revelation: So the question remainsWhat are the seven seals? 1929/30 Victor Houteff is disfellowshipped from a Seventh-day Adventist church in Los Angeles. [27][28] Four ATF agents (Steve Willis, Robert Williams, Todd McKeehan, and Conway Charles LeBleu) were killed and another 16 agents were wounded during the raid. To listen to this audio please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that supports HTML5 audio. Members of the Branch Davidians were torn between allegiance to Ben's wife or to his son, George. Carmel. [28][35] Of the 85 Branch Davidians in the compound when the final siege began, 76 died on April 19 in various ways, from falling rubble to suffocating effects of the fire, or by gunshot from fellow Branch Davidians. That same year, Roden (a follower of Houteff), proclaimed what he believed to be a new message from God and wrote a series of letters presenting it to Davidians. This illegal act gave Howell an opportunity to attempt to file charges against Roden, but he was told that he needed evidence in order to substantiate the charges. The Davidians ended up staying in Mt. Corrections? By Robert Reinhold, Published: March 15, 1993, Affidavit of Davy Aguilera, Special Agent with the U.S Treasury Department, BATF, Austin, Texas, sworn before Dennis G. Green, United States Magistrate Judge Western District of Texas Waco on the February 25, 1993. Whenever adults came out, the FBI tactical team known as the Hostage Rescue Team punished the remaining Branch Davidians in various ways: cutting off the electricity; crushing and removing their vehicles with tanks; blasting high-decibel sounds at them (FBI 1993a; Tabor 1994). 3. (See also millennialism.). The Branch Davidians were an eccentric religious group in Waco, Texas, whose leader, David Koresh, had multiple wives and slept with under-age girls. Fire engulfs the Branch Davidian compound near Waco, Texas, on April 19, 1993. The way David Koreshs cult came into existence is a long and sometimes complicated story. extreme child abuse (e.g. And this is from the report of the Congressional investigation of the fire at the Branch Davidian Compound: 'As a result of its investigation, the subcommittees make the following findings: The Branch Davidians 1. (For an overview of Branch Davidian history, see the chronological chart at the end of this statement.). Following the devastating 1993 siege, weaponry recovered from the compound included 60 M-16 machine guns, 60 AK-47 assault rifles, about 30 AR-15 assault rifles, and other small pistols and unused bullets, according to the Los Angeles Times. 1. For full functionality please enable JavaScript in your browser settings. Among his teachings, Houteff stated that he would not die, but would lead his people to old Jerusalem and therefore to the heavenly Canaan. You see he can afford all these things, and none of his people seemed like they had a lot of money. He presented his views in a book, The Shepherd's Rod: The 144,000 A Call for Reformation. This article first appeared in the Christian Research Journal, volume 44, number 2 (2021). About nine hundred gathered, but when signs did not appear, the Davidians began to disperse quickly. On February 27, 1973, New Mount Carmel was sold to "Benjamin Roden, Lois Roden, and their son George Roden, Trustees for the General Association of Branch Davidian Seventh-day Adventists. 76 more died in the final assault on April 19. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. Victor T. Houteff established the Davidians, a small Adventist reform movement, in 1929, and in 1955 Ben Roden organized the Branch Davidians. During the standoff, one of his followers publicly announced that he wanted them to thereafter be identified by the name "Koreshians". [43], There is documented evidence (FBI negotiation transcripts between Kathryn Shroeder and Steve Schneider with interjections from Koresh himself) that David Koresh and his followers did not call themselves Branch Davidians. Koresh became the group's self-proclaimed final prophet. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Given the above facts, Koreshs Branch Davidian group easily fits the theological definition of a cult. Carmel Center. Everyone who joined Koresh was forced to give up their personal goods and homes, and Koresh required that members tithe not just 10 percent of their earnings (which is standard for many religions) but 100 percent. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Koresh maintained that he and the other men were there only to take a photograph of a body that Roden illegally exhumed. [21][22] This is traditionally believed to symbolize Jesus Christ; however, Koresh suggested that the Lamb would come before Jesus and pave the way for his Second Coming. George Roden, like his parents, believed himself to be a divinely appointed messenger of God, the one, in fact, who would deliver the message of the apocalyptic seventh angel.20 According to George, he had inherited what he called the divine seal and crown and his message would be a last warning in the final days one directed to a world on the brink of seeing the fulfillment of Gods judgments as proclaimed in Ezekiel chapter 9.21 George eventually claimed he was the messiah22 and the son of Christ.23, The Rise of Vernon Howell (a.k.a. When a gunfight broke out and killed four law-enforcement agents and six Branch Davidians, it began a siege that lasted until April 19, when federal agents moved to raid the compound, which.

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