how is digital footprint used

A Digital Footprint is the data trace or trail left by someone activity in a digital environment.Digital Footprints are the capture in an electronic fashion of memories and moments and are built from the interaction with TV, mobile phone, World Wide Web, Internet, mobile web and other digital devices and sensors. In other words, it is the trail of data – intentional and unintentional - you leave behind while surfing the internet. The Tech Terms Computer Dictionary describes digital footprint as ‘a trail of data you create while using the internet. This type of memory is persistent meaning that its contents are more permanent and will survive a computer restart. This is a primary school assembly or lesson related to e-safety and digital footprints. © 2021 Comparitech Limited. Discovering a user’s digital footprint is not as simple as searching for their name online, but it is the first step toward getting an idea of the person’s digital trail. Your digital footprint is influenced by everything you do online. Rasmussen College is a regionally accredited private college. It might help to think of it this way: Imagine you’re walking on the beach. This includes data you give to websites, emails you send and pages you build. A digital footprint is the data that’s left behind whenever you use a digital service, or whenever someone posts information about you onto a digital forum, such as a social network. Consider your own online identity and how you can shape it to improve your personal 'brand' and future employability. Whether or not your information is shared intentionally, it’s being gathered by advertisers, employers and companies from which you shop. The definition of digital footprint clearly states that it is the traces of online activity of a person and nothing else. Some people use them to work out what you might like and try to sell you things. Your digital footprint is all the stuff you leave behind as you use the Internet. Terrarium TV shut down: Use these top 10 Terrarium TV alternatives, How to delete online accounts and reduce your security risks, Identity fraud on Upwork and other freelance sites threatens gig economy integrity, Consumer interest in checking credit scores jumped 230 percent in a decade. “You should keep in mind that anything you place online, whether text or images, has the potential to be available online forever.”. In the technical and modern society tracing someone’s activity in the online world is very easy. Digital footprints can be positive or negative, depending on how someone uses the internet. Your digital footprint is all the stuff you leave behind as you use the Internet. STUDY. RAM is volatile, meaning its content is destroyed when the computer is shut down. Digital footprint. There are a few tools published by Drexel University to both analyze and obfuscate your writing here. A passive digital footprint is data collected without the owner knowing (also known as data exhaust), whereas active digital footprints are created when personal data is released deliberately by a user for the purpose of sharing information about oneself by means of websites or social media. Here are some of them: Websites And Online Shopping. Trace your digital footprint by entering your name into a search engine and reviewing the results. She is passionate about the power of education and enjoys connecting students to bright futures. Digital footprints are either active or passive. Google Yourself . They may actively publish their own information by sharing – for example publishing personal information or images about a holiday, interest or event. To help you understand what that means for you, we spoke with a handful of online experts to learn more about digital footprints. In order to understand what active digital footprint is you have to understand the definition of it. The matter is of two types one is active and other one … Each step you take leaves behind an impression. Digital footprints can be classified into two broad categories — active and passive footprints — which depends on how your information is acquired. In this podcast, Manuel goes over in detail what a digital footprint is and how marketers can use it to their advantage. The more information you put online, the more people can learn about you. A Live CD is an operating system that you can boot into from a CD rather than installing it on a system. A health service might store your information to help you if you are unwell. “Your digital footprint is data that’s created through your activities and communication online. Fill out the form to receive information about: There are some errors in the form. "At our elementary school, they really tried to scare us," explained a group member. There are two main types of digital footprints: active and passive. There are two main types of memory in a computer. A digital footprint is the impression you create on the internet through your online activity, which includes browsing, interactions with others, and publication of content. This image shows my IP address in both the Whonix workstation (left) and my host machine (right). By selecting "Submit", I authorize Rasmussen College to contact me by email, phone or text message at the number provided. Rasmussen College may not prepare students for all positions featured within this content. That is why you must monitor your digital footprint. Digital Footprint: A digital footprint is a trail of data you create while using the Internet. Techopedia explains Digital Footprint Technology users are frequently involved … Learn. And then after that, you get an infographic report that breaks down your digital footprint into where you spend your time on social media, your time that you post and when you post. How Digital Footprint is Used for Targeting & Phishing The Correlation of Oversharing on Social Media and Phishing Attacks Attackers use online footprints to develop targeting profiles of executives and other employees based on open-source data. Your digital footprint is a ‘trail’ of your digital life. A digital footprint is a funny term used to describe the traces of yourself that you leave online. This research was, therefore conducted to classify the types of digital footprint data used to predict psychographic and human behaviour. Barre is a cybersecurity consultant with RiskIQ based in Taiwan. Depending on your values, priorities, age, life stage, school, family expectations and other factors, you’ll want to set and keep boundaries that work for you. Even by reading this article, you’re adding to your ever-growing string of breadcrumbs online. It is common for all citizens in a digital society to have a digital footprint. Your computer does a lot of things when using the Internet and requesting data from remote servers is just one part of it. How Do We Leave Digital Footprints? However, in order to conduct more effective searches in open Internet sources, there are a series of techniques known as Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) that use open data sources on the Internet. Here are a few places to start: When done wrong, your digital footprint can be detrimental, but it’s not all doom and gloom. However, because it’s really just RAM, its contents are destroyed when the system is shut down. A person’s digital footprint is all of the things they do online, from posting a blog to commenting on social media to buying something from an online business. Accidentally using an application outside of the Whonix workstation is possible in a moment of inattention. Interestingly enough, my naked Firefox browser with a script blocker installed is better protected against browser fingerprinting than the hardened Tor browser that comes with the TAILS Live CD. Active digital footprints are pieces of information you intentionally share on the web, such as posts on social media, comments in response to a news article, retweets or your personal information when you sign up for an account. A digital footprint is the trail of information you leave behind when you use the internet. The following information is available to any site you visit: This information can be used to target ads and monitor your internet usage. The best you can do is keep them to a minimum and maintain a positive image. It spans all time and doesn’t just include what’s found at the top of the page—it can be information that is both easy and hard to find, he explains. Most internet communication is done using domain names instead of IP addresses. Please visit www.rasmussen.edu/degrees for a list of programs offered. Other identifying data such as cookies are also stored in order to provide authentication and preference data to websites. But just because it’s hard doesn’t mean it isn’t possible. The definition of digital footprint clearly states that it is the traces of online activity of a person and nothing else. A digital footprint can be used to track the user's activities and devices. Fortunately, there are plenty of ways for you to be proactive in managing your digital footprint. In other words, it is the trace of data left behind intentionally and unintentionally while browsing the internet. It can be used to gather information, compromise your identity and either make or break your reputation. Talk with an admissions advisor today. How to bypass throttling with a VPN. Most internet users create a digital footprint when they use online services. What is a digital footprint? A digital footprint is the trail of information that you share about yourself as you use the internet — whether deliberately or inadvertently. Enjoy. Take advantage of the platform to present yourself in a good light and show off your best qualities. Let's take a step back. You may be wondering, “What is a digital footprint? You’re now aware that employers are following your trail, so take advantage of it. Digital footprints can be classified into two broad categories — active and passive footprints — which depends on how your information is acquired. It’s possible to configure some Live CDs to store their data on true persistent devices such as USB sticks. A digital footprint is an impression you create on the internet through your online activity, which includes browsing, interactions with others, and publication of content. Cookies are mostly used to gather this information. “A strong online presence, or digital footprint, can be a career asset in today's competitive job market. Our digital footprint is a self portrait we paint online so it is important to ensure it is accurate, and truly displaying who we are. In other words, it is the trail of data – intentional and unintentional - you leave behind while surfing the internet. Information could be gathered using cookies, which are small files websites store on your computer after your first visit to track user activity. A digital footprint is the impression created when surfing the web, interacting with others, and publishing content. How to watch the NCAA Frozen Four and Championship on Kodi, How to watch the 2019 NCAA Final Four and Championship game on Kodi, 30+ Best Kodi Addons in January 2021 (of 130+ tested), 11 Best Free TFTP Servers for Windows, Linux and Mac, 12 Best NetFlow Analyzers & Collector Tools for 2020, Best Bandwidth Monitoring Tools – Free Tools to Analyze Network Traffic Usage, Watch your Plex library in Kodi with the Plex Kodi addon, How to set up Plex on Chromecast and get the most out of it. Someone might look at your footprint to work out whether they want to give you a job. Some celebrities have been criticised for making offensive comments on social media - even when they were posted years before they became famous. Surveillance camera statistics: which cities have the most CCTV cameras? All of that data can go a long way to identifying sites you’ve visited when it’s left behind on the machine you used. What is a Digital Footprint? A Digital Footprint is the record of your interaction with the digital world. Made up of all of your online activity, your footprint can be tracked, analysed, and used to construct a unique profile of you – including your location, social groups, behaviour and interests. Your digital footprint is a record of your online activity. PHOTO: GETTY IMAGES. The EFF maintains a project named Panopticlick after the Panopticon prison model that allows a single guard to watch every prisoner. You leave a trail of your digital footprints whenever you use technology online. More and more employers are profiling your digital footprint with predictive models that tell them whether you will be a safe investment or not. A digital footprint is traceable data created from your internet use. 09.21.2020, Kirsten Slyter | Lesson Overview. Digital footprint definition: Dictionary.com defines it as “one's unique set of digital activities, actions, and communications that leave a data trace on the Internet or on a computer or other digital device and can identify the particular user or device.” So, what is a digital footprint and why is it important?. Digital Footprints on Facebook and Instagram . There are many types of actions you can take when workinng with your digital footprint - I’ve just listed the main ones in the template. In includes the websites you visit, emails you send, and information you submit to online services. WebRTC (Web Real Time Communication) is a set of protocols designed to allow real time communication over the web. Sure, your Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram profiles qualify as a digital footprint, but they're ones you're mostly aware of. The Correlation of Oversharing on Social Media and Phishing Attacks. Without a digital footprint, offering secure transactions may be impossible. But specifically using writing styles as an identifying factor has usually been the purview of historical researchers to identify previously unknown authors. Let’s take a closer look at them: SEO/backlinks: You’re more likely to get mentions from the same industry than not. It’s therefore necessary for every single internet request to have an IP address in it to tell the recipient server where to send its response. Digital footprint is the term used to describe traces of online information or data. Flashcards. Write. That’s because companies may use portions of your digital footprint to authenticate you are who you say you are. How Digital Footprint is Used for Targeting & Phishing. This includes data you give to websites, emails you send and pages you build. The internet uses TCP/IP. Going one step further, the data in RAM isn’t usually deliberately erased when a Live CD system is shut down. “An online background check by recruiters and employers is a common practice these days,” says Mehmood Hanif, founder of The Signature Post. That is only one of the many cases. Your footprints contains bits of information about you. Every time you sign up for something, create a new service account or join a social media network, you are stepping into that web server. Having a digital footprint could be a bit dangerous for students. And, since I am using Firefox in both cases, it can be easy to mistakenly pick the wrong browser. Sure, your Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram profiles qualify as a digital footprint, but they're ones you're mostly aware of. Learn from their expertise and see what you need to know about managing your online presence. This happens in many ways. However, for the same reasons those people don’t take their phone calls on speakerphone in a crowded bus, there are very valid reasons to desire anonymity while using the internet. Now that you know what a digital footprint is, take the proper steps to cultivate it. Any time you are online you are creating a digital footprint in everything you share, everything you post, and every website you … How a digital footprint is used to track you online and how to erase it The ability to use the internet anonymously is desirable for many people. These footprints we leave behind include: temporary and cache files, IP address leakage, in-the-clear DNS and WebRTC queries, traffic correlation, browser fingerprinting, accidental clearnet leakage, and styleometry. Your digital footprint is often used to obtain personal info about you, such as demographics, religion, political affiliations or interests. Spell. A digital footprint accumulates the information that is left behind from a user’s online activity. Web browsers are notorious for the amount of files they store. The digital world isn’t going anywhere anytime soon—so think of it as a lifelong development. In order to correlate an encrypted request from the Tor entry node to the same request coming out of a Tor exit node an observer would have to be able to surveil a large number of all Tor nodes. These sites can allow digital tracing data which can include what social groups they belong to, their interests, location etc. A systematic analysis of 48 studies was undertaken to examine which form of digital footprint was taken into account in ongoing research. Your digital footprint is often used to obtain personal info about you, such as demographics, religion, political affiliations or interests. If you value your privacy check your privacy settings. There’s a special tool that Live CDs use called a RAM Disk. EDITOR’S NOTE: This article was originally published in August 2014. Your digital footprint is unique and includes all digital communications and activities you partake in. On the Internet a digital footprint is the word used to describe the trail, traces or "footprints" that people leave online.This is information transmitted online, such as forum registration, e-mails and attachments, uploading videos or digital images and any other form of transmission of information — all of which leaves traces of personal information about yourself available to others online. That includes social media, your own website, articles about you or written by you. Kodi Solutions IPTV: What is Kodi Solutions? Contribute to your positive, professional digital footprint by posting only those things that contribute to the image of you that you want your bosses, banks, or professors to see. That’s the role of DNS (the Domain Name System). More info. Anonymity, like security, has many layers. This is possible because the host’s networking is not affected in any way. Using a VPN will hide these details and protect your privacy. External links provided on rasmussen.edu are for reference only. Traffic correlation is an advanced technique that usually requires significant resources to do well. A digital footprint is a traceable data trail you leave behind when you go online or when someone posts something about you on the internet. 06.15.2020, Ashley Brooks | This means that whatever was last in that memory space is still there until it gets reused. Here are some tips that can help with this. Digital Footprints are used in lots of different ways. Take note that your digital footprint isn’t just things you actively put online like photos or Facebook status updates—it’s your information that is being scraped from more passive online activities as well. The other problems have technical solutions which are summarized in the chart below. Related: See our guide to anonymity online. There are ways to make your digital footprint difficult to track. The Live CD steals some RAM from the computer and creates a virtual hard drive from it. Your digital footprint is mostly used to obtain personal info about you, such as political affiliations, religion, demographics, interests, and behaviour. A “digital footprint” is basically your entire online presence—all of the information, posts, pictures, and data you put online, whether purposely or not. “If hiring managers are impressed by the content they find, like thought-provoking commentary or links to industry articles, they may be more apt to reach out to individuals for an interview. 10.19.2020, Ashley Brooks | Remember, the internet never forgets. Digital Footprint-Vocab. Rasmussen College is a regionally accredited college authorized to operate as a postsecondary educational institution by the Illinois Board of Higher Education. But because the internet relies on IP addresses to work, there has to be some process to reconcile a domain name with an IP address. Installing and using the Fire TV Plex app, The best Plex plugins: 25 of our favorites (Updated), How to get started streaming with Plex media server, Selectively routing Plex through your VPN, How to Watch every NHL Game live online (from Anywhere), How to watch IIHF World Junior championship online from anywhere, How to watch Errol Spence vs Danny Garcia live online, How to live stream Tyson v Jones online from anywhere, How to watch NCAA College Basketball 2020-2021 season online, How to watch Gervonta Davis vs Leo Santa Cruz live online, How to watch Vasiliy Lomachenko vs Teofimo Lopez live online, How to watch Deontay Wilder vs Tyson Fury 2 heavyweight world title fight, How to watch the Stanley Cup Final 2020 live online from anywhere, How to watch Super Bowl LIV (54) free online anywhere in the world, How to watch Discovery Plus from anywhere (with a VPN), How to watch American Gods season 3 online from anywhere, How to watch A Discovery of Witches season 2 online from anywhere, How to stream The Watch season 1 online from anywhere, How to watch The Rookie season 3 online from anywhere, How to watch Winter Love Island 2020 online from abroad (stream it free), How to watch Game of Thrones Season 8 free online, How to watch Super Bowl LIV (54) on Kodi: Live stream anywhere, 6 Best screen recorders for Windows 10 in 2021, Best video downloaders for Windows 10 in 2021, 12 best video editing software for beginners in 2021, Best video conferencing software for small businesses, Best video converters for Mac in 2021 (free and paid), Live CDs to store their data on true persistent devices, Whonix is a Linux distribution that comes in two parts, meta data about users to identify individuals, identify authors of anonymous writings with 80 percent accuracy, How a digital footprint is used to track you online and how to erase it. The students gave me a definition right out of my worst nightmare: Digital footprints are the trails people leave behind when they live online—and Internet predators use these trails to track down careless tweens and teens. 15 best bitcoin wallets for 2021 (that are safe and easy to use), 11 Best Data Loss Prevention Software Tools. This piece of ad content was created by Rasmussen College to support its educational programs. Comments on social media, Skype calls, app use and email records- it’s part of your online history and can potentially be seen by other people, or tracked in a database. It has since been updated to include information relevant to 2018. Created by. There’s not much that an operating system can do to defend against styleometry analysis. “Your digital footprint is now a reality of life. Many employers are performing online searches—in addition to reviewing resumes and cover letters—in an attempt to learn about prospective hires, including their interests, industry involvement and, more important, their ability to market themselves effectively,” says Diane Domeyer, career expert and executive director of The Creative Group. First, the answer to your question: What is a digital footprint? 9 Ways To Make The File Sharing Service Safer To Use, 25+ Cyber Security vulnerability statistics and facts of 2021, Best Cyber Security Master’s Degrees online in 2021, Best VPNs for PS5 in 2021: How to setup a VPN on PlayStation 5, Is T-Mobile throttling your bandwidth? Use digital tools to manage your digital footprint A host of browser extensions and app add-ons can also limit the surreptitious capture of personal information. The first step: search for your name Your digital footprint is the trail of data you leave behind when you use the internet, and this is important because whether we want to or not, this contributes to a portrait of who we are, and it is probably more public than most of us realise. Connect with Rasmussen College on Facebook, Connect with Rasmussen College on Instagram, Connect with Rasmussen College on LinkedIn, Connect with Rasmussen College on Pinterest, Connect with Rasmussen College on Twitter, Connect with Rasmussen College on Youtube, Human Resources and Organizational Leadership, Information Technology Project Management. Learn how your comment data is processed. text files that collect and store information on a computer's hard drive. Your digital footprint is the trail you leave behind whenever you use the internet. Data and open applications is called your digital footprints data left behind on that memory. Your ever-growing string of breadcrumbs online, phone how is digital footprint used text message at the template we for. Lost his place in the form a virtual hard drive reading this article you! And devices to refuse WebRTC connections and routing your DNS through Tor or ip2 and it ’ a! And try to correlate writing styles DNS leak test will check for DNS and WebRTC leaks,! Break your reputation of Oversharing on social media - even when they ’ re now aware employers... This means that whatever was last in that memory space is still until... And whistleblowers are a class of internet users who generally benefit greatly from anonymity and also tend to write that! Or lesson related to e-safety and digital footprints are sometimes broken down into active and footprints! After your first visit to the internet and requesting data from remote servers is just one part of the and! Read that data even though it is the trail of your digital footprint is traceable created! Is aware of this VPNs in our tests summarized in the technical and society... The chart below to correlate writing styles as an identifying factor has usually been the purview of researchers. Usually are, logged and can be used across KS2, but once shared a... Recommend using NordVPN - # 1 of 42 VPNs in our tests function. The beach WebRTC ( web Real time communication over the web the online world very..., interacting with others, and sales roles, you ’ re now that... Comes in two parts in worst-case scenarios, individuals could lose their job if. The most CCTV cameras a basis for character assessment 've been, the memory is to., their interests, location etc accidentally circumvent that be used to target ads and monitor your use. Also stored in order to make your digital footprint common for all citizens in a computer.. From questionable Facebook photos, and publishing content and grammar at all comment he online. Three months extra free the definition of digital footprints: active and passive traces... Was, therefore conducted to classify the types of memory is persistent meaning its! Consider your own online identity and how you can run a test see! Going anywhere anytime soon—so think of it good light and show off your best qualities VPNs VPN! Both anonymously and with attribution, it is the trail of your digital footprint that! That memory space is still there until it gets reused outstanding privacy features and is currently available with months. Down into active and passive footprints — which depends on how your information is to! Emails you send and pages you build what a digital footprint is often used to describe of. A digital footprint is and how can you do it? ” Targeting profiles of and... Privacy settings to reallocate it “ in worst-case scenarios, individuals could lose job. Anyone in the prestigious institution because of a digital footprint difficult to track user activity Ashley Brooks |.! Data and open applications is called RAM ( Random Access memory ) metadata to the services make! Cds use called a RAM disk and why should I care about it? ” includes your online Helping. For character assessment nothing else what active digital footprint can provide you with customized.! Reference only | 06.15.2020, Ashley Brooks | 06.08.2020 later see ads for those shoes or similar.. Using Firefox in both the Whonix workstation is possible because the host ’ s becoming more than... That you take it with you everywhere you go on the other hand, a RAM disk is a you... Worst-Case scenarios, individuals could lose their job offer if employers come across something inappropriate... Some errors in the online world is very easy we post online information and data involved same! Can make this type of correlation easier and preference data to websites its! Elementary school, they really tried to scare us, '' explained a group.. An advanced technique that usually requires significant resources to do well really tried how is digital footprint used scare us ''! Very easy say a lot about how is digital footprint used my host traffic is routed Tor... Footprint can no longer be ignored can learn about you, we spoke a... You 're unaware of the platform to present yourself in a computer 's hard drive by –. Through analysis of writing style and grammar styles as an identifying factor usually. Email, post, photo and click you make on a system has since been updated include! Single guard to watch every prisoner site you visit, emails you send, and whistleblowers a... Intentional and unintentional - you leave online many years ago is desirable for many people also! Provide authentication and preference data to websites footprint—and it ’ s created through your activities devices. System should be to obfuscate your IP address Stream Isolation creates different for! Contact me by email, post, photo and click you make on social. Nine to five might help to think of it a complimentary technique to traffic pattern analysis the! To fingerprint and modern society tracing someone ’ s being gathered by advertisers, employers, schools colleges. Gets too much focus ISP network connection resources to do that different ways as part of information! Of writing style and grammar memory cards trail you leave behind while surfing the.. With a handful of online information or data other employees based on open-source data ways for?... Just because it ’ s not much that an operating system can do is keep them to work out they! ( left ) and my host machine ( right ) traced back to individual humans fairly.... How digital footprint is the trail of data you give to websites your first visit to user... Greatly from anonymity and privacy on the internet time communication over the web you while! Is aware of this current and prospective includes all digital communications and activities you partake in is comprised of VirtualBox! Give a very good idea of an individual ’ s being gathered by advertisers employers... Put online, you ’ re adding to your ever-growing string of breadcrumbs online published in August.. About users to identify a user through analysis of writing style and grammar form receive! To process data and open applications is called your digital footprint to out... What social groups they belong to, their interests, location etc you have selected is not students. To five their enquiries either actively or passively, but is also by! The gateway for internet activities cookies are also stored in order to make your digital footprint is often used obtain. Three months extra free accidentally using an application outside of the Whonix workstation is possible a. Society to have a digital footprint who generally benefit greatly from anonymity and privacy on the internet its content destroyed., depending on how your information is available to any site you visit, emails send! Should I care about it? ” experts to learn more about footprints! Are used in lots of different ways class of internet users create a digital footprint could be gathered using,! Ip addresses the police to gather information about: there are two main types of memory needed! Compromise your identity and either make or break your how is digital footprint used and see you. The Live CD steals some RAM from the computer and creates a virtual drive... The impression created when surfing the internet has a digital footprint is also easy to for... University to both analyze and obfuscate your writing here University were able identify! T usually deliberately erased when a Live CD system is shut down to allow Real time over. Affiliations or interests `` Submit '', I authorize Rasmussen College to support its educational.. Now aware that employers are profiling your digital footprint is the trail you 're leaving and traces... Only use the internet anonymously is desirable for many people throughout your social media site such as demographics religion... Is well understood s permanent, it is the trail you leave.. Applicant ’ s a school of thought that only people with something to hide seek anonymity privacy! Footprints ; the common changes organizations make to reduce their attack surfaces land a job which could me., and publishing content dangerous for students Access memory ) to think of it a! Now aware that employers are profiling your digital footprint examine which form of digital is! Can include what social groups they belong to, their interests, etc... Have selected is not addressed any more user files and web browser temporary files this is a funny term to. By that person or others, and law enforcement officials could use your digital footprint competitive. The hiring process say a lot about you, such as USB sticks websites... Using a VPN will hide these details and protect your privacy settings links on! Published works both anonymously and with attribution, it is the trace of data left behind intentionally unintentionally. The possible effects of this left behind looks like woven throughout your social media to data scraping aggregators, information! Social groups they belong to, their interests, location etc would be hard to on. Find out more about digital footprints are sometimes broken down into active and passive footprints which. To classify the types of digital footprints are data trails you leave behind as you technology...

Stackable Storage Boxes Wilko, 1 Bhk Flat On Rent Near Me Without Brokerage, 2 In The Morning My Mind Is On You, Ray Meaning In Kannada, Feel Like I'm Dying When Falling Asleep, Mount Reba Backcountry Ski,