what was true about the gulf of tonkin incident

Lyndon Johnson on August 5, 1964, assertedly in reaction to two allegedly unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and C. Turner Joy of the U.S. When President Johnson asked during a 4 August meeting of the National Security Council, "Do they want a war by attacking our ships in the middle of the Gulf of Tonkin?" Johnson, leaning heavily on the same team of advisors that Kennedy had appointed, did not approve of the troop build-up that many were calling for, but kept the increase of American personnel relatively modest. Gulf of Tonkin incident The Gulf of Tonkin incident was a complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy of the U.S. It was in fact a more detailed report about the action on August 2, and there had not actually been an attack on August 4. . OPEC's embargo of oil exports to the United States in retaliation for American intervention in the Middle East. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 16; Edward J. Drea, "Tonkin Gulf Reappraisal: 40 Years Later," MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History, Vol. All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPT, Served as justification for the assassination of Ngo Diem, U.S. troops massacred hundreds of civilians, In the 1968 election, Lyndon Johnson decided. Destroyers carried out these so-called Desoto patrols. 1 What was true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident? Inlet of Tonkin episode, complex maritime occasion in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the shore of Vietnam, that was introduced to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unmerited assaults by North Vietnamese torpedo water crafts on the destroyers. The Gulf of Tonkin incident (Vietnamese: S kin Vnh Bc B) was an international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more directly in the Vietnam War.It involved both a proven confrontation on August 2, 1964, carried out by North Vietnamese forces in response to covert operations in the coastal region of the gulf, and a second, claimed confrontation on August 4 . As the battle continued, he realized the "attacks" were actually the results of "overeager sonar operators" and poor equipment performance. C. She asked free Black people to pose as enslaved servants in At the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Seventh Fleet in the Gulf of Tonkin on August 2 and August 4, respectively. On August 2, 1964, the U.S. destroyer USS Maddox was performing its intelligence-gathering mission in the Gulf of Tonkin. On the night of July 3031, 1964, South Vietnamese commandos attacked North Vietnamese radar and military installations on Hon Me and Hon Ngu islands in the Gulf of Tonkin. After receiving information that there was an unprovoked attack in the Gulf of Tonkin, the United States entered the Vietnam War on August 14, 1964. From the point of view of the Maddox, the attack had been unprovoked, though North Vietnam was under the impression that the Maddox had been involved in the raids on Hon Me and Hon Ngu islands. a spy ring? Nearly 200 documents the National Security Agency (NSA) declassified and released in 2005 and 2006, however, have helped shed light on what transpired in the Gulf of Tonkin on 4 August. Until then, the United States supported South Vietnam by every means at its disposal, short of fully engaging its military. 20. Army Colonel H. R. McMaster, author of the highly acclaimed 1997 book Dereliction of Duty, accused Johnson and McNamara of outright deception: To enhance his chances for election, [Johnson] and McNamara deceived the American people and Congress about events and the nature of the American commitment in Vietnam. 384, enacted August 10, 1964, was a joint resolution that the United States Congress passed on August 7, 1964, in response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident . Five months ago that teamworkabout which we still know very littleresulted in the destruction of two pipelines, on orders of President Biden, with international implications yet to be determined. So the Gulf of Tonkin incident was staged claiming that . NSAPAC REP VIETNAM 200100ZAUG64. Hey, did yall hear Thutmose the Great didnt actually damage Hapshetsups monuments? Those communications most likely referred to operations to salvage the torpedo boat that had been damaged in the earlier firefight. The administration's zeal for aggressive action, motivated by President Johnson's election worries, created an atmosphere of recklessness and overenthusiasm in which it became easy to draw conclusions based on scanty evidence and to overlook normally prudent precautionary measures. various battlefields. Carter's campaign focused less on issues than on his background as a hardworking, honest, Southern Baptist southerner, All of the following led to the economic development of the Sun Belt EXCEPT. What was true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident? In the ensuing firefight, one of the torpedo boats was badly damaged, but the Maddox escaped harm. In 1964, the American government claimed that American naval ships had been attacked in territorial waters in the Gulf of Tonkin. 2. 6. The Turner Joy had not detected any torpedoes during the entire encounter, and Herrick determined that the Maddox's operators were probably hearing the ship's propellers reflecting off her rudder during sharp turns.12 The destroyer's main gun director was never able to lock onto any targets because, as the operator surmised, the radar was detecting the stormy sea's wave tops. The Gulf of Tonkin incident irreversibly changed the outcome of the war, which is especially tragic considering one major fact: the incident was a hoax. Lawrence, Mark Atwood. With the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, the United States committed its full strength to the conflict. It was the beginning of the United States air assault against North Vietnam that lasted until the end of the war. Violent anti-war protests erupted at Kent State and Jackson State College after the news media reported that American troops had invaded Cambodia.. Paula March 1, 2023 at 16:24 . This was true from this first airstrike when two American aircraft were shot down during Pierce-Arrow. McNamara was informed of this doubt but decided to remain quiet because Pierce-Arrow was already in motion. At 1440, the destroyer detected three North Vietnamese patrol boats approaching her position from the west. Please. As far as Vietnam was concerned, Johnson tried, and largely succeeded, balancing support for the US allies in the south but not committing too many resources, especially soldiers, to the fight in Asia. None of these communications occurred on the night of 4 August. On the afternoon of August 2, 1964, three North Vietnamese torpedo boats clashed with the American destroyer Maddox (DD-731) patrolling the coast. Reduce the president's ability to wage war without congressional consen, Which of the following is true about President Johnson and the Vietnam War?. Omissions? Lyndon Johnson was sworn in as president later that day. North Vietnamese warships purportedly attacked United States warships, the U.S.S. (21) This ensures that they carry out that prime directive of all hangers-to render the clothing wrinkled and unfit for wearing in public. OD. The Maddox, on patrol in the area but probably unaware of the raids that had taken place, observed torpedo boats sent out in pursuit of the South Vietnamese vessels and thus withdrew, but it returned on August 1. The Gulf of Tonkin theory. The Gulf of Tonkin incident was a complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks. . And why were highly skilled seamen and technicians from the Norwegian Navy involved? On the evening of July 30-31, South Vietnamese commandos attacked two North Vietnamese islands near where. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. . Three days earlier he had told the President that some of the raids had led to the 2 August attack on the Maddox.U.S. Specially equipped with a communications intercept van and 17 SIGINT specialists, she was to patrol in international waters off the North Vietnamese coast, from the demilitarized zone (DMZ) north to the Chinese border. Selon Yann Arthus-Bertrand (17) One particularly devilish species of hanger is the one with the whitecardboardroll-on\underline{\text{white cardboard roll-on}}whitecardboardroll-on the bottom for hanging slacks without producing a fold mark. "17, McNamara considered the report, coupled with Admiral Sharp's belief the attack was authentic, as conclusive proof. Fog of War - Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Vietnam War - In the mid-1950s, the U.S. intervened militarily in Vietnam, beginning what has been called a "crisis in slow motion." Americans convinced that the fall of South Vietnam to Communism would eventually result in the "fall" of all of Southeast Asia, believed this war was an effort to prevent North Vietnam from unifying North and . COMUSMACV 291233ZJuly64. Episode 2450 of the Vietnam Veteran News Podcast will feature a story more about how the Norwegian Navy participated in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. At the end of July 1964, MACV-SOG assaulted North Vietnamese installations on the coast of North Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin. The simple answer is that the Norwegian Navy has a long and murky history of cooperation with American intelligence. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident occurred in August 1964. See all videos for this article Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, also called Tonkin Gulf Resolution, resolution put before the U.S. Congress by Pres. Johnson and his advisers had approved retaliatory strikes on North Vietnamese naval bases as soon as the reports of the apparent attack of August 4 came in. The fictitious Gulf of Tonkin incident helped draw the United States deeper into the Vietnam War. Additionally, messages that were forwarded contained "severe analytic errors, unexplained translation changes, and the conjunction of two messages into one translation." Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 24. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 25. But, interestingly, on Sept. 18, a similar incident occurred in the Gulf of Tonkin. Unbelievable, but true. The third was left dead in the water and burning.7. After missions in December 1962 and April of the next year, patrols were scheduled for 1964 in the vicinity of OPLAN 34A raids. After this was reported to Washington, Robert McNamara urged President Johnson to retaliate. In making your definition, discuss and highlight what you think is the most What are the main structures of the systemic system? What was later discovered were "Tonkin ghosts" (false radar images) and no evidence of the [] T ruthout. "29, During comments to reporters on 6 August, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara lied when he denied knowledge of the nature of the provocative OPLAN 34A raids, which were organized and overseen by his department. Despite this type of loss throughout the war, the North Vietnamese continued to fight. One of the pilots, Navy Commander James Stockdale, commanding officer of VF-51, recalled that they passed over the unscathed Maddox at 1530, minutes after the 22-minute surface engagement had ended. "23, Relying on faulty and misinterpreted intelligence about the 4 August incident, an overanxious President Lyndon B. Johnson ordered retaliatory U.S. air strikes, which he announced to the American public at 2336 Washington time that night.Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, The historian also concluded that some of the signals intercepted during the nights of 2 and 4 August were falsified to support the retaliatory attacks. Weather conditions were clear, and seas were calm. (Wikimedia Commons) F ifty-one years ago today, the United States . She participated extensively in the Vietnam War, and was one of the principal ships involved in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. In fact, one of the patrols' main missions was to gather information that would be useful to the raiders.2 A top-secret document declassified in 2005 revealed the standing orders to the Desoto patrols: "[L]ocate and identify all coastal radar transmitters, note all navigation aids along the DVR's [Democratic Republic of Vietnam's] coastline, and monitor the Vietnamese junk fleet for a possible connection to DRV/Viet Cong maritime supply and infiltration routes."3. CTG 72.1 041848ZAUG64. HOPE THIS HELPS YOU. Served as justification for the assassination of Ngo Diem b. What is the importance of the Gulf on Tonkin? What is the Gulf of Tonkin incident and why is it controversial? On further examination, it was found to be referring to the 2 August attacks against the Maddox but had been routinely transmitted in a follow-up report during the second "attack." Without the full picture, Congress could not offer the checks and balances it was designed to provide. Executive Sessions of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Historical Series, version XVI, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1988, p. 293. He arrived overhead at 2135. The attacks were unprovoked. Jim and Sybil Stockdale, In Love and War (New York: Harper and Row, 1984), p. 23. Interpreting this as an act of North Vietnamese aggression, the US government responded by ordering greater military involvement in Vietnam. Some historians do not let the Johnson administration off so easily. 18. . A. Even though Pierce-Arrow was ordered shortly after the dubious reports of the second attack on the Maddox and Turner Joy, Johnson addressed the nation at 11:30 PM eastern time about the confrontation in the Gulf of Tonkin. In large part due to the passage of this resolution, American forces became even more deeply mired in the Vietnam War. Answers: 3. . She recruited other Unionists, including government clerks On an audio tape from the Johnson Library declassified in December 2005, he admitted to the President the morning after the attacks that the two events were almost certainly connected: And I think I should also, or we should also at that time, Mr. President, explain this OPLAN 34-A, these covert operations. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. A. 23. You must include thesis statement, 4 body paragraphs and other reading and a conclusion to wrap up your debate Five months ago that teamworkabout which we still know very littleresulted in the destruction of two pipelines, on orders of President Biden, with international implications yet to be determined. Confederate leaders' households. In addition, even though the losses from bombing could and usually were significant, the North Vietnamese often gained a morale boost when they would shoot an American bomber out of the sky. On August 2nd 1964, two United States Navy ships . While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. On August 2nd, 1964, the USS Maddox destroyer was supposedly conducting reconnaissance in the Gulf of Tonkin when fired upon by North Vietnamese forces in Swatow gunboats. In August 1964, the USS Maddox destroyer was stationed in the Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of North Vietnam. 278. The Maddox, however, was not. According to John Prados of the independent National Security Archive, Hanyok asserted that faulty signals intelligence became "vital evidence of a second attack and [Johnson and McNamara] used this claim to support retaliatory air strikes and to buttress the administration's request for a Congressional resolution that would give the White House freedom of action in Vietnam. Seventh Fleet and that led to the Gulf of Tonkin. In early 1964, South Vietnam began conducting a covert series of U.S.-backed commando attacks and intelligence-gathering missions along the North Vietnamese coast. "15, Other intelligence supported the belief that an attack had occurred. The events led to Congress passing the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which allowed the president to increase U.S. involvement in Vietnam without Congressional approval. Rather than being on a routine patrol Aug. 2, the U.S. destroyer Maddox was actually engaged in aggressive intelligence-gathering maneuvers in sync with coordinated attacks on North Vietnam by the South Vietnamese navy and the Laotian air force. Funny how no one mentions the fact the Gulf Of Tonkin incident, the false flag event that 'justified' the Vietnam war. Besides the situation in Vietnam, Johnson was very concerned with the upcoming election of 1964. Re-engaging, the first PT boat launched a second torpedo and opened fire with her 14.5-mm guns, but Maddox shell fire heavily damaged the vessel.6. CIA Director John McCone answered matter-of-factly, "No, the North Vietnamese are reacting defensively to our attacks on their offshore islands . Titled "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish: The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery, 2-4 August 1964," it had been published in the classified Cryptological Quarterly in early 2001. adhereamorousdefinitivefluentaffinityanimositydegenerategregariousalliterationcohereelucidateinherentamateurconfineengenderliteraryamicablecongregationfinaleluminary. McNamara instead declared that "our Navy played absolutely no part in, was not associated with, was not aware of, any South Vietnamese actions, if there were any. McNamara again eluded the question, "They have advanced closer and closer to the 17th parallel, and in some cases, I think they have moved beyond that in an effort to stop the infiltration closer to the point of origin."26. 22. No, that's not true. There is no doubting that fact. (18) These hangers, while not quite as cunning as plastic hangers, are perhaps the most treacherous because they don't even try to function as they are designed. He admitted that the new SIGINT intercept "pins it down better than anything so far. Maddox and the U.S.S. Roe v. Wade, the court case that legalized abortion hinged on what legal idea? 16. The Columbia History of the Vietnam War. At present cannot even estimate number of boats involved. Can the omission of evidence by McNamara be forgiven? Gunfire and torpedoes were exchanged while F-8 fighters from USS Ticonderoga (CVA-14) raced to the scene. In reality, there was no coordination between the forces conducting the operations. . The reply is being given as I speak to you tonight. This, in effect, gave Johnson carte blanche to escalate US involvement in Vietnam without the restrictions of declaring war. We may never know the whole truth behind the Tonkin events and the motivations of those involved. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident was a false flag operation organized by the secret services of the United States, to be used as a pretext in their participation in the Vietnam War; this simulated a false attack by North Vietnamese forces against United States Navy ships in Southeast Asia, which had penetrated waters that the United States claimed as A. The film won the Academy Award for best documentary feature for 2003. 8. When his wingman's aircraft developed trouble, Stockdale got permission to launch solo from the Ticonderoga. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 46. D. President Johnson acted before all the facts became known. Reports Cast Doubt on Alleged Second Attack Another problem: the second attack almost certainly never occurred. In contrast to the clear conditions two days earlier, thunderstorms and rain squalls reduced visibility and increased wave heights to six feet. Analyze the effects of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution passed under the Lyndon Johnson administration during the Vietnam War, Learn about some key points on the Gulf of Tonkin incident leading to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, 1964, https://www.britannica.com/event/Gulf-of-Tonkin-incident, HistoryNet - Gulf of Tonkin Incident: Reappraisal 40 Years Later, U.S. Department of State - Office of the Historian - U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War: The Gulf of Tonkin and Escalation, 1964.

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