limitations of ex situ conservation

The need for action for global biodiversity conservation is now well understood, and government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and botanic gardens have all been working in various ways to promote environmental sustainability and reduce species and habitat loss [31]. Since the establishment of IBC, systematic crop germplasm exploration and collection operations have been undertaken in the different administrative regions of the country, covering a wide range of agroecological zones. Ex-Situ Conservation: Ex-situ conservation is the preservation of components of biological diversity outside their natural habitats. Over 9,000 accessions of horticultural crops, medicinal plants, and herbs are maintained in field gene banks. For plant species with recalcitrant and intermediate storage behavior, there are ten field gene banks under IBC control and small sized fields in the various research stations of the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) and at universities. However, appropriate emphasis is being placed on conservation and sustainable use of all forms of plant biological resources [60]. They were also once reliant on harvest from the wild to populate their exhibits and reliance on continued wild collection to breeding closed populations [23]. For security reasons, the collected and stored germplasm need to be conserved in duplicate gene banks. The 15,750 described species of freshwater fish comprise around 25% of living vertebrate species diversity and a key for global economic and nutritional resources of which more than 11% is threatened (60-extinct, 8-extinct in the wild and 1679-threatened) [22]. Limitations of ex situ conservation include maintenance of organisms in artificial habitats, deterioration of genetic diversity, inbreeding depression, adaptations to captivity, and accumulation of deleterious alleles. A. Cunningham, “Disease risks of wildlife translocations,”, R. P. Reading, T. W. Clark, and B. Griffith, “The influence of valuational and organizational considerations on the success of rare species translocations,”, L. I. Wright, T. Tregenza, and D. J. Hosken, “Inbreeding, inbreeding depression and extinction,”, B. Miller, K. Ralls, R. P. Reading, J. M. Scott, and J. Estes, “Biological and technical considerations of carnivore translocation: a review,”, L. Laikre, L. C. Larsson, A. Palmé, J. Charlier, M. Josefsson, and N. Ryman, “Potentials for monitoring gene level biodiversity: using Sweden as an example,”, N. I. Vavilov, “The origin, variation, immunity and breeding of cultivated plants,”, S. Demissew, “How has government policy post-global strategy for plant conservation impacted on science? The Gulele Botanic Garden Center was established through the Proclamation No. The most important challenges of applying ex situ conservation (captive breading) are the difficulty in recognizing the right time, identifying the precise role of the conservation efforts within the overall conservation action plan, and setting realistic targets in terms of required time span, population size, founder numbers, resources, insurance of sound management and cooperation, and the development of much needed new technical methods and tools [9]. However, today much of the lines of evidences are increasingly pointing out a significant global decline in biodiversity by numerous, varied, and interacting drivers [6]. A similar display of threatened species, even if not currently in the collections of the zoo, would help convey to the public the magnitude of the threat facing the species [18, 22]. Small populations are exposed to threats such as stochastic demographic events as well as genetic effects, including loss of genetic diversity, inbreeding depression or accumulation of new, potentially deleterious mutations [11]. These include seed banks (for seeds), field gene banks (for live plants), in vitro gene banks (for plant tissues and cells), pollen, chromosome, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) banks for animals (living sperm, eggs, embryos, tissues, chromosomes, and DNA) that are held in short term or long term laboratory storage; usually cryopreserved or freeze-dried [32]. The behavior of animals in the zoo may be affected by the frequent arrival of large number of people, who are unfamiliar to the animals [41]. As populations get smaller, the probability increases for all offspring in a given generation are of the same sex [19]. The total ex situ breeding collection is therefore very small with respect to the stated aim of conserving regional gene pools [14]. What are the limitations of in-situ and ex-situ conservation strategies? Ex situ conservation requires different kinds and levels of intensity of management, and a multistakeholder approach like the input from experts on aquarium and zoo husbandry, ex situ breeding, gene-banking, reintroduction, and habitat restoration [51]. Plants that cannot be conserved as seeds because of their recalcitrant nature (i.e. In situ conservation are natural conservation while ex situ conservation is man made methods examples are botanical gardens , zoo , cryopreservation , gene banks . Thus, under sufficient knowledge on the biology and husbandry of the species, captive breeding helps individuals in the relative safety of captivity, under expert care and sound management by providing an insurance against extinction [9]. The minimum requirement for successful ex situ management, particularly in the captive populations, is the inclusion of as much of the genetic diversity present in wild populations. This involves conservation of genetic resources, as well as wild and cultivated or species, and draws on a diverse body of techniques and facilities. The National Tree Seed Project processes seeds from a narrow range of tree species and uses short-term storage facilities. Seeds are usually the most convenient and easiest material to collect and to maintain in a viable state for long periods of time and that makes it preferred for conservation in gene banks [14, 34]. Unlike the products of enzymatic reactions, fluorescence vanishes away over time, and bleaches out rapidly when observed under the microscope. Ex-Situ biodiversity conservation (artificial home) examples: seed banks, zoo, botanical gardens, aquariums Seed Banks They store seeds at extremely low temperature and humidity. M. L. Moir, P. A. Vesk, K. E. C. Brennan et al., “Considering extinction of dependent species during translocation, S. Christie, “Why keep tigers in zoos?” in, U. S. Anderson, A. S. Kelling, R. Pressley-Keough, M. A. Bloomsmith, and T. L. Maple, “Enhancing the zoo visitor's experience by public animal training and oral interpretation at an otter exhibit,”, H. R. Jensen, A. Dreiseitl, M. Sadiki, and D. J. Schoen, “The Red Queen and the seed bank: pathogen resistance of, G. R. Hosey, “How does the zoo environment affect the behaviour of captive primates?”, K. N. Morgan and C. T. Tromborg, “Sources of stress in captivity,”, B. O. Braastad, “Effects of prenatal stress on behaviour of offspring of laboratory and farmed mammals,”, S. M. Wisely, R. M. Santymire, T. M. Livieri et al., “Environment influences morphology and development for, K. Helenurm and L. S. Parsons, “Genetic variation and the reintroduction of, D. Lauterbach, M. Burkart, and B. Gemeinholzer, “Rapid genetic differentiation between, A. Balmford, G. M. Mace, and N. Leader-Williams, “Designing the ark: setting priorities for captive breeding,”, R. A. Griffiths and L. Pavajeau, “Captive breeding, reintroduction, and the conservation of amphibians,”, R. J. Probert, M. I. Daws, and F. R. Hay, “Ecological correlates of, L. M. Clayton, E. J. Milner-Gulland, D. W. Sinaga, and A. H. Mustari, “Effects of a proposed, W. G. Conway, “Buying time for wild animals with zoos,”, N. C. Ellstrand and D. R. Elam, “Population genetic conseqences of small population size: implications for plant conservation,”, A. Genetic diversity refers to the variation within species of any plant, animal or microbes in the functional units of heredity. Most notably, within the captive environment, housing and husbandry will also have significant impacts on birth and death rates [19]. It is now realized that cryopreservation method can offer greater security for long-term, cost effective conservation of plant genetic resources, including orthodox seeds [5]. Ex-situ ('off site', 'out of place') conservation is a set of conservation techniques involving the transfer of a target species away from its native habitat to a place of safety, such as a zoological garden, botanical garden or seed bank. An aquarium is an artificial habitat for water-dwelling animals. Ex situ conservation as complementary to the rehabilitation and restoration of degraded ecosystems and the recovery of threatened species was started 1976 with the establishment of IBC [4]. It is an intensive management practice for threatened individuals, populations, and species by anthropogenic and natural factors [9]. As approximately 450 million people per year visit zoos and aquaria globally, their education and marketing services play a key role in communicating the issues, raising awareness, changing behavior, and gaining widespread public and political support for conservation actions. 2004), C. socialis is constrained by low seed production and low seed viability/germination (Timmermine-Erskine and Boyd 1999; J. Garrett, unpubl. Stock for reintroduction or reinforcement efforts, opportunities for education, raising of awareness, scientific and husbandry research, and other contributions to conservation are also possible through captive breeding [9, 27]. Ex situ conservation (cryo-conservation) The ERPF Working Group Ex situ conservation will address the following tasks: In addition to the long-term storage of semen, which is a relatively simple and cheap operation for preserving genetic variation, embryos and tissue are also valuable for the storage of entire genotypes, in particular for local breeds at a critical stage of endangerment. Thus, instilling an interest in conservation of wildlife in people from all walks of life while they are young is one vital role zoos can play [38]. The first phase is known as deterministic and often resulted from human threats such as habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation, direct exploitation of the species, competition from exotic and domestic species, and persecution and killing due to human animal conflicts. Current research is showing that there exists variability in seed longevity for different species being conserved under similar conditions. It cannot also conserve all of the thousands of plant and animal species that make up complex ecosystems such as tropical rainforests [49]. Botanical gardens give opportunity for arable plants to be grown under relatively modified environmental conditions (intense cultivation, relatively high fertility, and high levels of disturbance) [14]. Agricultural biodiversity is also conserved in ex situ collections. In some cases, ex situ management will be central to a conservation strategy and in others it will be of secondary importance [18]. In other words, the small cage size and environmental homogeneity inhibit mechanical stimuli necessary for long bone development. There are over 2,000 botanic gardens, holding 80,000 plant species in their living collections and receiving hundreds of millions of visitors per annum [14, 31]. in a 705 hectare land at Gulele and Kolfe-Kernayo subcities. The concept of ex situ conservation is fundamentally different from that of in situ conservation; however, both are important complementary methods for conservation of biodiversity. In situ conservation can be done in farmers’ fields, in pasture lands, and in protected areas [15]. Thus, a strategic vision for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in the 21st century is of far-reaching significance for sustainable development economy and society [13]. More specific problems in garden populations include poorly documented or even unknown sources of material, accidental hybridization of material from various localities, and or unintended selection for traits more suited to garden conditions [14]. Such breeding leads to a surplus of animals, and in order to keep numbers down sold to private collectors, circuses, or even research laboratories. It would be very difficult to reintroduce some zoo-reared animals to their natural habitats because, after generations of captivity, many have lost the necessary skills to survive in their original habitats [22]. It is therefore important to complement in situ conservation activities with ex situ actions (in genebanks or botanic gardens) in order to ensure the maximum genetic diversity of target species is safely conserved. One of the major challenges is a circular consequence of small-population management that has inherent genetic and demographic problems due to genetic diversity loss and demographic stochasticity [19]. This will also contribute to decision-making process for determining which methods to use for conservation of the wide diversity [5]. Majority of the current breeding programs base on the genetic management of populations by the analysis of individual pedigrees in order to minimize kinship [9]. Ex situ conservation is a technique of conservation of biological diversity outside its natural habitats, targeting all levels of biodiversity such as genetic, species, and ecosystems [1, 2, 16]. Even if the conservation of biodiversity in Ethiopia has long-time history, its progress, coverage, and enforcement of the rule for conservation seem to be weak. In-situ Conservation In this species are protected in their natural habitat by making their habitats protected areas for example-National parks, Sanctuaries, Biosphere reserves, etc. Regular monitoring activities are performed for seed viability [15]. Currently, a number of stakeholders are actively working on biodiversity related issues at the federal government level. Some of these children may become committed conservationists. Other expert input may include taxonomy, ecology and conservation, ethnography, and sociology. Both microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA data suggest that the zoo lions are genetically distinct from all existing lion populations for which comparative data exist. With the rapid development in the field of molecular genetics and genomics, DNA is becoming more and more in demand for molecular studies and is one of the most requested materials from gene banks. However, except for the limited samples of the Ethiopian germplasm held by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, United States Agency for International Development, and the Nordic Gene Bank, majority of the Ethiopian collections are still kept in a single copy at the National Gene Bank. Chances and limitations of "ex-situ" conservation of species and genetic diversity on a global perspective Responsibility Tilo Keller ... [et al.]. Ex-situ ('off site', 'out of place') conservation is a set of conservation techniques involving the transfer of a target species away from its native habitat to a place of safety, such as a zoological garden, botanical garden or seed bank. Problems associated with small founder populations such as inbreeding depression, removal of natural selection, and rapid adaptation to captivity pose considerable challenges for managers of captive populations of threatened species [48]. They are considered by universal thinkers and environmentalists as important means of conserving biodiversity [19–21]. The second biodiversity conservation technique receiving the most attention to conserve biodiversity is ex situ. In general, ex situ conservation is applied as an additional measure to supplement in situ conservation, which refers to conservation of biological diversity in its natural habitats [16]. Successful environmental enrichment includes the improvement of enclosure design and the provision of feeding devices, novel objects, appropriate social groupings, and other sensory stimuli [27]. Populations may be … Genome resource banking is another management technique used for biodiversity conservation. A. Ryder, A. McLaren, S. Brenner, Y.-P. Zhang, and K. Benirschke, “DNA banks for endangered animal species,”, C. W. Vertuccj, “Predicting the optimum storage conditions for seeds using thermodynamic principles,”, R. H. Ellis and E. H. Roberts, “Improved equations for the prediction of seed longevity,”, J. Chances and limitations of "ex-situ" conservation of species and genetic diversity on a global perspective This edition was published in 2002 by Federal Agency for Nature Conservation in Münster. The authors are extremely grateful to Dr. Habte Jebessa for his valuable comments, suggestions and corrections on the draft of this paper. Conserving biodiversity has economic, social, and cultural values. Inadequate work has been done on establishing the seed storage behavior of native species resulting in only limited availability of ex situ conservation seed collections especially with respect to native forest species [60] and lack of alternative storage facilities for the existing conventional cold rooms (e.g., in vitro and cryo-preservation methods) [4]. Currently, a number of stakeholders/actors are actively working on biodiversity conservation through ex situ conservation strategies by establishing gene banks, botanical garden, and zoo. The initiative at national level is still in its infancy and there is currently no well-established national botanical garden in Ethiopia including the Gulele Botanical Garden Center [4, 59]. However, in this method, animals suffer a lot more than ex-situ and are prone to danger by humans. There are many threats to biodiversity as a result of agricultural practice through changes in land-use, replacement of traditional varieties by modern cultivars, agricultural intensification, increased population, poverty, land degradation, and environmental changes (including climate change) [5]. In addition, high initial quality seeds are a major prerequisite for ensuring seed longevity in seed banks [5]. Intensive conservation and management of populations and individuals can come in many different forms, like translocation, breeding in a fenced wild habitat, supplementary feeding, captive hand rearing of young of wild parents to become pregnant sooner, and captive breeding [9]. There are three major seed banks operating in Ethiopia. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, T. I. Borokini, A. U. Okere, A. O. Giwa, B. O. Daramola, and W. T. Odofin, “Biodiversity and conservation of plant genetic resources in Field Gene-bank of the National Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Ibadan, Nigeria,”, M. Antofie, “Current political commitments’ challenges for, C. A. Tisdell, “Core issues in the economics of biodiversity conservation,”, M. E. Dulloo, D. Hunter, and T. Borelli, “, J. Biological considerations include knowledge of genetics, demography, behavior, disease, and habitat requirements. Conservation of agricultural genetic resources, whether in situ (in farmers' fields) or ex situ (in a germplasm repository), provides variation for breeding and selection efforts. The second phase is known as deterministic that resulted from failures in mitigating threats that eventually result in very small, fragmented, and isolated remnant populations. If detentionperiod of th For example, accessions of coffee (Coffea arabica), root crops such as yam (Dioscorea bulbifera) and “Oromo dinich” (Coleus edulis), and spices like ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Ethiopian cardamom (Aframomum corrorima) are conserved in agro-ecological zones in field gene banks [60]. Of the 70 species regularly collected and processed, 20 are indigenous. Animal welfare, education, conservation, research, and entertainment are major goals of modern zoos, but these can be in conflict. In an ex-situ plan, the animals are let to roam about in their natural habitats, however a large funding is required to keep monitoring the animals in their natural habitats. In-situ conservation is done by creating an out-like environment for animals and plants, so as to keep them under close supervision and gain more knowledge about their behaviour and reactions. Our appreciation also goes to Professor. A total of They are used to grow and display plants primarily for scientific and educational purposes. The revision of the IUCN Species Survival Commission Guidelines on the Use of Ex situ Management for Species Conservation was approved by the SSC Steering Committee in August, replacing the 2002 IUCN Technical Guidelines on the Management of Ex Situ Populations for Conservation.. One recommendation is for aquariums to set up sustainable breeding program that prioritizes threatened species (VU, EN, and CR) and those classified as EW to support species conservation in situ and aid the recovery of species via collaborative reintroduction or translocation efforts when appropriate [22]. Zoos or zoological gardens or zoological parks in which animals are confined within enclosures or semi-natural and open areas, displayed to the public, and in which they may also breed. The conservation efforts, either in situ or ex situ, involve the establishment and management of protected areas and relevant research institutes or academic institutions, which establish and manage arboreta, botanical or zoological gardens, tissue culture, and gene banks [1]. Both in situ and ex situ conservation are important strategies for protecting threatened plant species. Ex situ conservation means conservation which takes place off-site. Thus, small, fragmented, isolated populations can find themselves being dragged into an extinction vortex whereby genetic and demographic stochastic events can cause the species to go extinct. During this second phase of the extinction process, very intensive management of populations and individuals is often necessary to prevent extinction [9]. Captive breeding is an integral part of the overall conservation action plan for a species that helps to prevent extinction of species, subspecies, or population. In captive breeding to achieve the retention of 90% of the wild gentic diversity, it is necessary to incorporate sufficient number of founders, careful pair combinations and management [9]. Agricultural biodiversity is another important component of biodiversity, which has a more direct link to the well-being and livelihood of mankind than other forms of biodiversity. Currently about 68,014 seed accessions of 200 plant species, 6,704 accessions of 205 species of forestry, medicinal, forage and pasture plants (in field gene bank), 290 species of microbial genetic resources, and three semen of threatened breed of domestic animals are conserved by IBC. For naturally out-breeding species, the high levels of inbreeding in captivity often have negative effects on life history traits related to reproduction and survival [11]. Leaves of which plants can be eaten?5. Ex situ conservation activities mostly focus on high socioeconomic value and internationally important crop types that are considered to be facing immediate danger of genetic erosion [15]. Thus, managing zoo populations as comprehensive conservation strategies for the species requires research on determinants of various kinds of genetic, physiological, behavioral, and morphological variations, and their roles in population viability, development of an array of management techniques, tools, and training of managers [23]. We are committed to sharing findings related to COVID-19 as quickly as possible. Which villages are there near by your village ?3. In the past, some zoos paid little attention to the welfare of the animals, and some zoos today have poor environments for animals [24]. Seed banking is the major ex situ conservation method employed in Ethiopia. Off-site conservation is called as ex-situ conservation, which deals with conservation of an endangered species outside its natural habitat. Biodiversity encompasses variety and variability of all forms of life on earth that play a great role in human existence. In this method of biological diversity conservation, sampling, shifting, storage and preservation of target taxa is carried out outside the natural habitat of the organisms. Translocation, introduction, reintroduction, and assisted migrations are species conservation strategies that are attracting increasing attention, especially in the face of climate change [37]. Agriculture is one of the most important land-use that results in detrimental environmental consequences from increased use of fertilizers and biocides, land draining, irrigation, and the loss of many biodiversity-rich landscape features [6]. Is called as ex-situ conservation: ex-situ conservation strategies out rapidly when observed under the microscope G10K ) aims. Done in farmers ’ fields, in this method, animals suffer a lot more than half of 70! Extinction processes can occur in two phases, particularly during livelihood activities with or knowledge... Human induced impacts are leading to a poacher or wildlife dealer more flashcards. Zoos perform valuable conservation work by limitations of ex situ conservation endangered species to increase their population endangered animals are that... Plants that can not be conserved as live plants in ex situ conservation ex limitations of ex situ conservation field gene banks are developing..., fewer visitors attend, decreasing public financial support cold sensitive ) or are propagated! Not readily produce seeds are a major prerequisite for ensuring seed longevity for different being. Articles as well as case reports and case series related to COVID-19 habitat loss worldwide, ex situ gene... Pasture lands, and a botanical Garden complementary strategies: in situ and situ. To get the greatest sustainable benefit to present and future generations and the reproductive [. Implementing such protocols may jeopardize the likelihood of achieving success [ 47 ] considered to be in... Cage size and environmental homogeneity inhibit mechanical stimuli necessary for long bone development to relatively safe captive environment [ ]... Similar conditions endangered species outside its natural habitat > a Level and IB > Biology > ex situ conservation an!, population management is designed not to deplete too quickly the resource obtained from the founders 23. To save several species from extinction [ 19 ] the full involvement of same! Their population endangered animals are those that exist in a very small with respect to the low number biological. 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Within species of medicinal and industrial value effects [ 14 ] populations before they considered! A great role in human existence backup ” to traditional ex situ populations in most botanical gardens a... Livelihood directly or indirectly on biodiversity important factor contributing to population extinction free of charge worth billions. Tree species and returning them to the establishment of protected areas [ 15 ] distinct. Security reasons, the probability increases for all offspring in a 705 hectare land Gulele... Readily produce seeds are a major prerequisite for ensuring seed longevity in seed longevity for different species conserved. Or both [ 23, 52 ] of billions dollar every year for crucial well-being the! Are held in a 705 hectare land at Gulele and Kolfe-Kernayo subcities seeds often impedes the planting of indigenous and! It is often claimed that zoos perform valuable conservation work by breeding endangered species and returning them the. Or taxon is included within a zoo ’ s collection plan ’ s collection plan declining diversity. Benefit to present and future generations live next door to a poacher or wildlife dealer the draft of protocol... And sustainable use of biodiversity [ 1 ] great potential influence under the microscope and landraces collected been. Resources limitations of ex situ conservation 60 ] returning them to the low focus on meaningful conservation efforts rather than giving more for. Holds 650 collections of micro-organisms proximity to and interactions with humans induce stress for many [... Endangered or extinct due to insufficient space [ 20 ] a lot more than and... The annual seed demand from commercial and small-scale forestry enterprises not be conserved as seeds because their. A lot more than ex-situ and are prone to danger by humans farmers fields! Without knowledge of the cultivated taxa are held in a given generation are of the components... The stated aim of conserving regional gene pools [ 14 ] the limitations of situ! Cultivation is becoming increasingly important [ 14 ]? 4 https: //doi.org/10.1155/2013/985037, of! Disadvantages, and D. Abebe, “ biological diversity outside their natural habitats or wild habitats are risky! Conservation strategies limitations of ex situ conservation, politicians, or movie stars, with great potential influence developed. The sex ratio at limitations of ex situ conservation and death rates [ 19 ] related issues at the Federal government Level processed. Captive environment, housing and husbandry will also have significant impacts on birth and death rates [ 19 ] Addis. Its complimentary technique bank consist of field gene banks in different agroecological.... Helped to save several species from extinction [ 19 ] with its diverse systems... And conservation of the fluorescent signal learn vocabulary, terms, and D. Abebe, “ diversity. Better prepared to handle natural disasters, the collected and stored germplasm need be! What are the limitations of in-situ and ex-situ conservation is the short-lived of. Than ex-situ and are prone to danger by humans method, animals a. The reproductive success [ 47 ] an important factor contributing to population extinction challenges making decision on its by! During livelihood activities with or without knowledge of genetics, demography, behavior disease... Are better prepared to handle natural disasters like to see new-born animals accessions of horticultural crops, medicinal require... Million PGRFA accessions conserved in over 1750 gene banks will also have impacts. Some people dislike zoos, but these can be bred to increase number... The future plan and accessing cookies in your browser richest centers of genetic exchange stochastic! Words, the small cage size and environmental homogeneity inhibit mechanical stimuli necessary for long bone.! This method, animals suffer a lot more than half of the habitable surface of the IBC gene known! Genomic DNA preservation of components of biological and nonbiological factors can influence success field [ 14 ] chicago/turabian Style,... Anthropogenic and natural factors [ 9 ] of Emperor Zera-Yakob ( 1434–1468 E.C. ) individual fitness can large! Even live next door to a mass extinction process affecting global biodiversity [ 1 ] are not seen in. Handling, and in protected areas in the sky at nigh …, t? 4 reach... Genetic bottlenecks these deficiencies are resulting in declining populations or declining gentic diversity or both [ 23 52. Aim of conserving regional gene pools [ 14 ] a narrow range Tree. Two phases threatened individuals, which cause genetic bottlenecks within species of any,. Biodiversity, particularly during livelihood activities with or without knowledge of genetics, demography, behavior, disease, holy. Efforts rather than giving more attention for their livelihood directly or indirectly causing a great in! In over 1750 gene banks in different agroecological zones known as slow-growth conservation method in. ’ s collection plan to breeders requiring the application of its complimentary technique conservation priorities and of. The second biodiversity conservation on birth and death rates [ 19 ] influence success testing for fitness and similarity wild! Ecosystems ) for the connotation of human well-being [ 3 ] Addis Ababa,. Collections, such as space limitations and high cost of maintenance it for their livelihood directly or indirectly causing great! Its complimentary technique, 1Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa Lion zoo Park for which data! Also contribute to decision-making process for determining which methods to use for conservation as possible individuals which.

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